Part 91 — General Operating and Flight Rules
Subpart A — General
- § 91.1— Applicability.
- § 91.3— Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.
- § 91.5— Pilot in command of aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
- § 91.7— Civil aircraft airworthiness.
- § 91.9— Civil aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements.
- § 91.11— Prohibition on interference with crewmembers.
- § 91.13— Careless or reckless operation.
- § 91.15— Dropping objects.
- § 91.17— Alcohol or drugs.
- § 91.19— Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances.
- § 91.21— Portable electronic devices.
- § 91.23— Truth-in-leasing clause requirement in leases and conditional sales contracts.
- § 91.25— Aviation Safety Reporting Program: Prohibition against use of reports for enforcement purposes.
Subpart B — Flight Rules
- § 91.101— Applicability.
- § 91.103— Preflight action.
- § 91.105— Flight crewmembers at stations.
- § 91.107— Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.
- § 91.108— Use of supplemental restraint systems.
- § 91.109— Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests.
- § 91.111— Operating near other aircraft.
- § 91.113— Right-of-way rules: Except water operations.
- § 91.115— Right-of-way rules: Water operations.
- § 91.117— Aircraft speed.
- § 91.119— Minimum safe altitudes: General.
- § 91.121— Altimeter settings.
- § 91.123— Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions.
- § 91.125— ATC light signals.
- § 91.126— Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class G airspace.
- § 91.127— Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class E airspace.
- § 91.129— Operations in Class D airspace.
- § 91.130— Operations in Class C airspace.
- § 91.131— Operations in Class B airspace.
- § 91.133— Restricted and prohibited areas.
- § 91.135— Operations in Class A airspace.
- § 91.137— Temporary flight restrictions in the vicinity of disaster/hazard areas.
- § 91.138— Temporary flight restrictions in national disaster areas in the State of Hawaii.
- § 91.139— Emergency air traffic rules.
- § 91.141— Flight restrictions in the proximity of the Presidential and other parties.
- § 91.143— Flight limitation in the proximity of space flight operations.
- § 91.144— Temporary restriction on flight operations during abnormally high barometric pressure conditions.
- § 91.145— Management of aircraft operations in the vicinity of aerial demonstrations and major sporting events.
- § 91.146— Passenger-carrying flights for the benefit of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event.
- § 91.147— Passenger-carrying flights for compensation or hire.
- § 91.151— Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.
- § 91.153— VFR flight plan: Information required.
- § 91.155— Basic VFR weather minimums.
- § 91.157— Special VFR weather minimums.
- § 91.159— VFR cruising altitude or flight level.
- § 91.161— Special awareness training required for pilots flying under visual flight rules within a 60-nautical mile radius of the Washington, DC VOR/DME.
- § 91.167— Fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditions.
- § 91.169— IFR flight plan: Information required.
- § 91.171— VOR equipment check for IFR operations.
- § 91.173— ATC clearance and flight plan required.
- § 91.175— Takeoff and landing under IFR.
- § 91.176— Straight-in landing operations below DA/DH or MDA using an enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) under IFR.
- § 91.177— Minimum altitudes for IFR operations.
- § 91.179— IFR cruising altitude or flight level.
- § 91.180— Operations within airspace designated as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum airspace.
- § 91.181— Course to be flown.
- § 91.183— IFR communications.
- § 91.185— IFR operations: Two-way radio communications failure.
- § 91.187— Operation under IFR in controlled airspace: Malfunction reports.
- § 91.189— Category II and III operations: General operating rules.
- § 91.191— Category II and Category III manual.
- § 91.193— Certificate of authorization for certain Category II operations.
Subpart C — Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements
- § 91.203— Civil aircraft: Certifications required.
- § 91.205— Powered civil aircraft with standard U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirements.
- § 91.207— Emergency locator transmitters.
- § 91.209— Aircraft lights.
- § 91.211— Supplemental oxygen.
- § 91.213— Inoperative instruments and equipment.
- § 91.215— ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment and use.
- § 91.217— Data correspondence between automatically reported pressure altitude data and the pilot's altitude reference.
- § 91.219— Altitude alerting system or device: Turbojet-powered civil airplanes.
- § 91.221— Traffic alert and collision avoidance system equipment and use.
- § 91.223— Terrain awareness and warning system.
- § 91.225— Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment and use.
- § 91.227— Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment performance requirements.
Subpart D — Special Flight Operations
- § 91.303— Aerobatic flight.
- § 91.305— Flight test areas.
- § 91.307— Parachutes and parachuting.
- § 91.309— Towing: Gliders and unpowered ultralight vehicles.
- § 91.311— Towing: Other than under § 91.309.
- § 91.313— Restricted category civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
- § 91.315— Limited category civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
- § 91.317— Provisionally certificated civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
- § 91.319— Aircraft having experimental certificates: Operating limitations.
- § 91.321— Carriage of candidates in elections.
- § 91.323— Increased maximum certificated weights for certain airplanes operated in Alaska.
- § 91.325— Primary category aircraft: Operating limitations.
- § 91.326— Exception to operating certain aircraft for the purposes of flight training, flightcrew member checking, or flightcrew member testing.
- § 91.327— Aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category: Operating limitations.
Subpart E — Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations
- § 91.401— Applicability.
- § 91.403— General.
- § 91.405— Maintenance required.
- § 91.407— Operation after maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration.
- § 91.409— Inspections.
- § 91.411— Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment tests and inspections.
- § 91.413— ATC transponder tests and inspections.
- § 91.415— Changes to aircraft inspection programs.
- § 91.417— Maintenance records.
- § 91.419— Transfer of maintenance records.
- § 91.421— Rebuilt engine maintenance records.
Subpart F — Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft
- § 91.501— Applicability.
- § 91.503— Flying equipment and operating information.
- § 91.505— Familiarity with operating limitations and emergency equipment.
- § 91.507— Equipment requirements: Over-the-top or night VFR operations.
- § 91.509— Survival equipment for overwater operations.
- § 91.511— Communication and navigation equipment for overwater operations.
- § 91.513— Emergency equipment.
- § 91.515— Flight altitude rules.
- § 91.517— Passenger information.
- § 91.519— Passenger briefing.
- § 91.521— Shoulder harness.
- § 91.523— Carry-on baggage.
- § 91.525— Carriage of cargo.
- § 91.527— Operating in icing conditions.
- § 91.529— Flight engineer requirements.
- § 91.531— Second in command requirements.
- § 91.533— Flight attendant requirements.
- § 91.535— Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment during aircraft movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing.
Subpart G — Additional Equipment and Operating Requirements for Large and Transport Category Aircraft
- § 91.601— Applicability.
- § 91.603— Aural speed warning device.
- § 91.605— Transport category civil airplane weight limitations.
- § 91.607— Emergency exits for airplanes carrying passengers for hire.
- § 91.609— Flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders.
- § 91.611— Authorization for ferry flight with one engine inoperative.
- § 91.613— Materials for compartment interiors.
Subpart H — Foreign Aircraft Operations and Operations of U.S.-Registered Civil Aircraft Outside of the United States; and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft
- § 91.701— Applicability.
- § 91.702— Persons on board.
- § 91.703— Operations of civil aircraft of U.S. registry outside of the United States.
- § 91.706— Operations within airspace designed as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum Airspace.
- § 91.707— Flights between Mexico or Canada and the United States.
- § 91.709— Operations to Cuba.
- § 91.711— Special rules for foreign civil aircraft.
- § 91.713— Operation of civil aircraft of Cuban registry.
- § 91.715— Special flight authorizations for foreign civil aircraft.
Subpart I — Operating Noise Limits
- § 91.801— Applicability: Relation to part 36.
- § 91.803— Part 125 operators: Designation of applicable regulations.
- § 91.805— Final compliance: Subsonic airplanes.
- § 91.815— Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.
- § 91.817— Civil aircraft sonic boom.
- § 91.818— Special flight authorization to exceed Mach 1.
- § 91.819— Civil supersonic airplanes that do not comply with part 36.
- § 91.821— Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits.
- § 91.851— Definitions.
- § 91.853— Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes.
- § 91.855— Entry and nonaddition rule.
- § 91.857— Stage 2 operations outside of the 48 contiguous United States.
- § 91.858— Special flight authorizations for non-revenue Stage 2 operations.
- § 91.859— Modification to meet Stage 3, Stage 4, or Stage 5 noise levels.
- § 91.861— Base level.
- § 91.863— Transfers of Stage 2 airplanes with base level.
- § 91.865— Phased compliance for operators with base level.
- § 91.867— Phased compliance for new entrants.
- § 91.869— Carry-forward compliance.
- § 91.871— Waivers from interim compliance requirements.
- § 91.873— Waivers from final compliance.
- § 91.875— Annual progress reports.
- § 91.877— Annual reporting of Hawaiian operations.
- § 91.881— Final compliance: Civil subsonic jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less.
- § 91.883— Special flight authorizations for jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less.
Subpart J — Waivers
Subpart K — Fractional Ownership Operations
- § 91.1001— Applicability.
- § 91.1002— Compliance date.
- § 91.1003— Management contract between owner and program manager.
- § 91.1005— Prohibitions and limitations.
- § 91.1007— Flights conducted under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter.
- § 91.1009— Clarification of operational control.
- § 91.1011— Operational control responsibilities and delegation.
- § 91.1013— Operational control briefing and acknowledgment.
- § 91.1014— Issuing or denying management specifications.
- § 91.1015— Management specifications.
- § 91.1017— Amending program manager's management specifications.
- § 91.1019— Conducting tests and inspections.
- § 91.1021— Internal safety reporting and incident/accident response.
- § 91.1023— Program operating manual requirements.
- § 91.1025— Program operating manual contents.
- § 91.1027— Recordkeeping.
- § 91.1029— Flight scheduling and locating requirements.
- § 91.1031— Pilot in command or second in command: Designation required.
- § 91.1033— Operating information required.
- § 91.1035— Passenger awareness.
- § 91.1037— Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports.
- § 91.1039— IFR takeoff, approach and landing minimums.
- § 91.1041— Aircraft proving and validation tests.
- § 91.1045— Additional equipment requirements.
- § 91.1047— Drug and alcohol misuse education program.
- § 91.1049— Personnel.
- § 91.1050— Employment of former FAA employees.
- § 91.1053— Crewmember experience.
- § 91.1055— Pilot operating limitations and pairing requirement.
- § 91.1057— Flight, duty and rest time requirements: All crewmembers.
- § 91.1059— Flight time limitations and rest requirements: One or two pilot crews.
- § 91.1061— Augmented flight crews.
- § 91.1062— Duty periods and rest requirements: Flight attendants.
- § 91.1063— Testing and training: Applicability and terms used.
- § 91.1065— Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements.
- § 91.1067— Initial and recurrent flight attendant crewmember testing requirements.
- § 91.1069— Flight crew: Instrument proficiency check requirements.
- § 91.1071— Crewmember: Tests and checks, grace provisions, training to accepted standards.
- § 91.1073— Training program: General.
- § 91.1075— Training program: Special rules.
- § 91.1077— Training program and revision: Initial and final approval.
- § 91.1079— Training program: Curriculum.
- § 91.1081— Crewmember training requirements.
- § 91.1083— Crewmember emergency training.
- § 91.1085— Hazardous materials recognition training.
- § 91.1087— Approval of aircraft simulators and other training devices.
- § 91.1089— Qualifications: Check pilots (aircraft) and check pilots (simulator).
- § 91.1091— Qualifications: Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator).
- § 91.1093— Initial and transition training and checking: Check pilots (aircraft), check pilots (simulator).
- § 91.1095— Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), flight instructors (simulator).
- § 91.1097— Pilot and flight attendant crewmember training programs.
- § 91.1099— Crewmember initial and recurrent training requirements.
- § 91.1101— Pilots: Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training.
- § 91.1103— Pilots: Initial, transition, upgrade, requalification, and differences flight training.
- § 91.1105— Flight attendants: Initial and transition ground training.
- § 91.1107— Recurrent training.
- § 91.1109— Aircraft maintenance: Inspection program.
- § 91.1111— Maintenance training.
- § 91.1113— Maintenance recordkeeping.
- § 91.1115— Inoperable instruments and equipment.
- § 91.1411— Continuous airworthiness maintenance program use by fractional ownership program manager.
- § 91.1413— CAMP: Responsibility for airworthiness.
- § 91.1415— CAMP: Mechanical reliability reports.
- § 91.1417— CAMP: Mechanical interruption summary report.
- § 91.1423— CAMP: Maintenance organization.
- § 91.1425— CAMP: Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration programs.
- § 91.1427— CAMP: Manual requirements.
- § 91.1429— CAMP: Required inspection personnel.
- § 91.1431— CAMP: Continuing analysis and surveillance.
- § 91.1433— CAMP: Maintenance and preventive maintenance training program.
- § 91.1435— CAMP: Certificate requirements.
- § 91.1437— CAMP: Authority to perform and approve maintenance.
- § 91.1439— CAMP: Maintenance recording requirements.
- § 91.1441— CAMP: Transfer of maintenance records.
- § 91.1443— CAMP: Airworthiness release or aircraft maintenance log entry.
Subpart L — Continued Airworthiness and Safety Improvements
Subpart M — Special Federal Aviation Regulations
- § 91.1603— Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 112—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Territory and Airspace of Libya.
- § 91.1605— Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 77—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Baghdad Flight Information Region (FIR) (ORBB).
- § 91.1609— Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 114—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Damascus Flight Information Region (FIR) (OSTT).
- § 91.1611— Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 115—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in Specified Areas of the Sanaa Flight Information Region (FIR) (OYSC).
- § 91.1613— Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 107—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Territory and Airspace of Somalia.
- § 91.1615— Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 79—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Pyongyang Flight Information Region (FIR) (ZKKP).
- § 91.1617— Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 117—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Tehran Flight Information Region (FIR) (OIIX).
- § 91.1619— Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 119—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Kabul Flight Information Region (FIR) (OAKX).
Subpart N — Mitsubishi MU-2B Series Special Training, Experience, and Operating Requirements
- § 91.1701— Applicability.
- § 91.1703— Compliance and eligibility.
- § 91.1705— Required pilot training.
- § 91.1707— Training program hours.
- § 91.1709— Training program approval.
- § 91.1711— Aeronautical experience.
- § 91.1713— Instruction, checking, and evaluation.
- § 91.1715— Currency requirements and flight review.
- § 91.1717— Operating requirements.
- § 91.1719— Credit for prior training.
- § 91.1721— Incorporation by reference.