(a) In general. Any person who violates the SMCA, or any regulation or permit issued thereunder, shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty.

(b) Assessment and amount. The Secretary may assess a civil penalty under this section of not more than $100,000 for each violation.

(c) Continuing violations. Each day of a continuing violation of the SMCA or these regulations or any permit issued hereunder constitutes a separate violation.

(d) In rem liability. A vessel used to violate the SMCA shall be liable in rem for a penalty for such violation.