The following persons are liable for violations under this subpart:

(a) Persons liable for violations of prohibited acts.

(1) Averaging violation. Any refiner or importer who violates §80.1660(a) is liable for the violation.

(2) Causing an averaging violation. Any refiner, importer, distributor, reseller, carrier, retailer, wholesale purchaser-consumer, oxygenate blender, ethanol denaturant producer, or ethanol denaturant importer who causes another party to violate §80.1660(a), is liable for a violation of §80.1660(c).

(3) Cap standard violation. Any refiner, gasoline importer, distributor, reseller, carrier, retailer, wholesale purchaser-consumer, oxygenate producer, oxygenate importer, oxygenate blender, ethanol denaturant producer, ethanol denaturant importer, additive manufacturer, or additive blender who owned, leased, operated, controlled or supervised a facility where a violation of §80.1660(b) occurred, is deemed in violation of §80.1660(b).

(4) Causing a cap standard violation. Any refiner, gasoline importer, distributor, reseller, carrier, retailer, wholesale purchaser-consumer, oxygenate producer, oxygenate importer, oxygenate blender, ethanol denaturant producer, ethanol denaturant importer, additive manufacturer, or additive blender who produced, imported, sold, offered for sale, dispensed, supplied, offered for supply, stored, transported, or caused the transportation or storage of gasoline, oxygenate, or ethanol denaturant that violates §80.1660(b), is deemed in violation of §80.1660(c).

(5) Branded refiner/importer liability. Any refiner or importer whose corporate, trade, or brand name, or whose marketing subsidiary's corporate, trade, or brand name appeared at a facility where a violation of §80.1660(b) occurred, is deemed in violation of §80.1660(b).

(6) Causing violating gasoline to be in the distribution system. Any refiner, gasoline importer, distributor, reseller, carrier, oxygenate producer, oxygenate importer, oxygenate blender, ethanol denaturant producer, ethanol denaturant importer, additive manufacturer, or additive blender who owned, leased, operated, controlled or supervised a facility from which gasoline, oxygenate, or ethanol denaturant was released into the distribution system which does not comply with an applicable sulfur cap standard or a sulfur averaging standard is deemed in violation of §80.1660(d).

(7) Carrier causation. In order for a carrier to be liable under paragraph (a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(4), or (a)(6) of this section, EPA must demonstrate, by reasonably specific showing by direct or circumstantial evidence, that the carrier caused the violation.

(8) Oxygenate blender violation. Any oxygenate blender who violates §80.1660(e) is liable for the violation.

(9) Additive manufacturer violation. Any additive manufacturer who violates §80.1660(g) is deemed liable for the violation.

(10) Additive blender violation. Any additive blender who violates §80.1660(f) is deemed liable for the violation.

(11) Credit violation. Any refiner or importer who violates §80.1660(h) is liable for the violation.

(12) Parent corporation liability. Any parent corporation is liable for any violations of this subpart that are committed by any of its wholly-owned subsidiaries.

(13) Joint venture and joint owner liability. Each partner to a joint venture, or each owner of a facility owned by two or more owners, is jointly and severally liable for any violation of this subpart that occurs at the joint venture facility or facility owned by the joint owners, or is committed by the joint venture operation or any of the joint owners of the facility.

(b) Persons liable for failure to meet other provisions of this subpart. Any person who—

(1) Fails to comply with a provision of this subpart not addressed in paragraph (a) of this section is liable for a violation of that provision.

(2) Causes another person to fail to meet a requirement of this subpart not addressed in paragraph (a) of this section is liable for causing a violation of that provision.