For purposes of this chapter:

(1) Affiliate
Except as provided by the Director, the term "affiliate" means any entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, an enterprise.

(2) Agency
The term "Agency" means the Federal Housing Finance Agency established under section 4511 of this title.

(3) Authorizing statutes
The term "authorizing statutes" means—

(A) the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act;

(B) the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Act; and

(C) the Federal Home Loan Bank Act.

(4) Board
The term "Board" means the Federal Housing Finance Oversight Board established under section 4513a of this title.

(5) Capital distribution

(A) In general
The term "capital distribution" means—

(i) any dividend or other distribution in cash or in kind made with respect to any shares of, or other ownership interest in, an enterprise, except a dividend consisting only of shares of the enterprise;

(ii) any payment made by an enterprise to repurchase, redeem, retire, or otherwise acquire any of its shares, including any extension of credit made to finance an acquisition by the enterprise of such shares; and

(iii) any transaction that the Director determines by regulation to be, in substance, the distribution of capital.

(B) Exception
Any payment made by an enterprise to repurchase its shares for the purpose of fulfilling an obligation of the enterprise under an employee stock ownership plan that is qualified under section 401 of title 26 or any substantially equivalent plan, as determined by the Director, shall not be considered a capital distribution.

(6) Compensation
The term "compensation" means any payment of money or the provision of any other thing of current or potential value in connection with employment.

(7) Core capital
The term "core capital" means, with respect to an enterprise, the sum of the following (as determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles):

(A) The par or stated value of outstanding common stock.

(B) The par or stated value of outstanding perpetual, noncumulative preferred stock.

(C) Paid-in capital.

(D) Retained earnings.

The core capital of an enterprise shall not include any amounts that the enterprise could be required to pay, at the option of investors, to retire capital instruments.

(8) Default; in danger of default

(A) Default
The term "default" means, with respect to a regulated entity, any adjudication or other official determination by any court of competent jurisdiction, or the Agency, pursuant to which a conservator, receiver, limited-life regulated entity, or legal custodian is appointed for a regulated entity.

(B) In danger of default
The term "in danger of default" means a regulated entity with respect to which, in the opinion of the Agency—

(i) the regulated entity is not likely to be able to pay the obligations of the regulated entity in the normal course of business; or

(ii) the regulated entity—

(I) has incurred or is likely to incur losses that will deplete all or substantially all of its capital; and

(II) there is no reasonable prospect that the capital of the regulated entity will be replenished.

(9) Director
The term "Director" means the Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency.

(10) Enterprise
The term "enterprise" means—

(A) the Federal National Mortgage Association and any affiliate thereof; and

(B) the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and any affiliate thereof.

(11) Entity-affiliated party
The term "entity-affiliated party" means—

(A) any director, officer, employee, or controlling stockholder of, or agent for, a regulated entity;

(B) any shareholder, affiliate, consultant, or joint venture partner of a regulated entity, and any other person, as determined by the Director (by regulation or on a case-by-case basis) that participates in the conduct of the affairs of a regulated entity, provided that a member of a Federal Home Loan Bank shall not be deemed to have participated in the affairs of that Bank solely by virtue of being a shareholder of, and obtaining advances from, that Bank;

(C) any independent contractor for a regulated entity (including any attorney, appraiser, or accountant), if—

(i) the independent contractor knowingly or recklessly participates in—

(I) any violation of any law or regulation;

(II) any breach of fiduciary duty; or

(III) any unsafe or unsound practice; and

(ii) such violation, breach, or practice caused, or is likely to cause, more than a minimal financial loss to, or a significant adverse effect on, the regulated entity;

(D) any not-for-profit corporation that receives its principal funding, on an ongoing basis, from any regulated entity; and

(E) the Office of Finance.

(12) Executive officer
The term "executive officer" means, with respect to an enterprise, the chairman of the board of directors, chief executive officer, chief financial officer, president, vice chairman, any executive vice president, and any senior vice president in charge of a principal business unit, division, or function.

(13) Limited-life regulated entity
The term "limited-life regulated entity" means an entity established by the Agency under section 4617(i) of this title with respect to a Federal Home Loan Bank in default or in danger of default or with respect to an enterprise in default or in danger of default.

(14) Low-income
The term "low-income" means—

(A) in the case of owner-occupied units, income not in excess of 80 percent of area median income; and

(B) in the case of rental units, income not in excess of 80 percent of area median income, with adjustments for smaller and larger families, as determined by the Director.

(15) Median income
The term "median income" means, with respect to an area, the unadjusted median family income for the area, as determined and published annually by the Director.

(16) Moderate-income
The term "moderate-income" means—

(A) in the case of owner-occupied units, income not in excess of area median income; and

(B) in the case of rental units, income not in excess of area median income, with adjustments for smaller and larger families, as determined by the Director.

(17) Mortgage purchases
The term "mortgage purchases" includes mortgages purchased for portfolio or securitization.

(18) Multifamily housing
The term "multifamily housing" means a residence consisting of more than 4 dwelling units.

(19) Office of Finance
The term "Office of Finance" means the Office of Finance of the Federal Home Loan Bank System (or any successor thereto).

(20) Regulated entity
The term "regulated entity" means—

(A) the Federal National Mortgage Association and any affiliate thereof;

(B) the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and any affiliate thereof; and

(C) any Federal Home Loan Bank.

(21) Single family housing
The term "single family housing" means a residence consisting of 1 to 4 dwelling units.

(22) State
The term "State" means the States of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and any other territory or possession of the United States.

(23) Total capital
The term "total capital" means, with respect to an enterprise, the sum of the following:

(A) The core capital of the enterprise; ¹

(B) A general allowance for foreclosure losses, which—

(i) shall include an allowance for portfolio mortgage losses, an allowance for nonreimbursable foreclosure costs on government claims, and an allowance for liabilities reflected on the balance sheet for the enterprise for estimated foreclosure losses on mortgage-backed securities; and

(ii) shall not include any reserves of the enterprise made or held against specific assets.

(C) Any other amounts from sources of funds available to absorb losses incurred by the enterprise, that the Director by regulation determines are appropriate to include in determining total capital.

(24) Very low-income

(A) In general
The term "very low-income" means—

(i) in the case of owner-occupied units, families having incomes not greater than 50 percent of the area median income; and

(ii) in the case of rental units, families having incomes not greater than 50 percent of the area median income, with adjustments for smaller and larger families, as determined by the Director.

(B) Rule of construction
For purposes of section ² 4568 and 4569 of this title, the term "very low-income" means—

(i) in the case of owner-occupied units, income in excess of 30 percent but not greater than 50 percent of the area median income; and

(ii) in the case of rental units, income in excess of 30 percent but not greater than 50 percent of the area median income, with adjustments for smaller and larger families, as determined by the Director.

(25) Violation
The term "violation" includes any action (alone or in combination with another or others) for or toward causing, bringing about, participating in, counseling, or aiding or abetting a violation.

(26) Conforming mortgage
The term "conforming mortgage" means, with respect to an enterprise, a conventional mortgage having an original principal obligation that does not exceed the dollar amount limitation in effect at the time of such origination and applicable to such mortgage, under, as applicable—

(A) section 302(b)(2) of the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act [12 U.S.C. 1717(b)(2)]; or

(B) section 305(a)(2) of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Act [12 U.S.C. 1454(a)(2)].

(27) Extremely low-income
The term "extremely low-income" means—

(A) in the case of owner-occupied units, income not in excess of 30 percent of the area median income; and

(B) in the case of rental units, income not in excess of 30 percent of the area median income, with adjustments for smaller and larger families, as determined by the Director.

(28) Low-income area
The term "low-income area" means a census tract or block numbering area in which the median income does not exceed 80 percent of the median income for the area in which such census tract or block numbering area is located, and, for the purposes of section 4562(a)(1)(B) of this title, shall include families having incomes not greater than 100 percent of the area median income who reside in minority census tracts and shall include families having incomes not greater than 100 percent of the area median income who reside in designated disaster areas.

(29) Minority census tract
The term "minority census tract" means a census tract that has a minority population of at least 30 percent and a median family income of less than 100 percent of the area family median income.

(30) Shortage of standard rental units both affordable and available to extremely low-income renter households

(A) In general
The term "shortage of standard rental units both affordable and available to extremely low-income renter households" means the gap between—

(i) the number of units with complete plumbing and kitchen facilities with a rent that is 30 percent or less of 30 percent of the adjusted area median income as determined by the Director that are occupied by extremely low-income renter households or are vacant for rent; and

(ii) the number of extremely low-income renter households.

(B) Rule of construction
If the number of units described in subparagraph (A)(i) exceeds the number of extremely low-income households as described in subparagraph (A)(ii), there is no shortage.

(31) Shortage of standard rental units both affordable and available to very low-income renter households

(A) In general
The term "shortage of standard rental units both affordable and available to very low-income renter households" means the gap between—

(i) the number of units with complete plumbing and kitchen facilities with a rent that is 30 percent or less of 50 percent of the adjusted area median income as determined by the Director that are occupied by either extremely low- or very low-income renter households or are vacant for rent; and

(ii) the number of extremely low- and very low-income renter households.

(B) Rule of construction
If the number of units described in subparagraph (A)(i) exceeds the number of extremely low- and very low-income households as described in subparagraph (A)(ii), there is no shortage.