AGENCY:
Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION:
Final rule.
SUMMARY:
We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise the List of Migratory Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both adding and removing species. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net increase of 67 species (75 added and 8 removed) will bring the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,093. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes.
DATES:
This rule is effective May 18, 2020.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Eric L. Kershner, Chief of the Branch of Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803; (703) 358-2376.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
What statutory authority does the service have for this rulemaking?
We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104-28 (December 14, 1995);
(2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105-26 (May 5, 1997);
(3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
What is the purpose of this rulemaking?
Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public of regulatory protections.
Why is the amendment of the List of Migratory Birds necessary?
The amendments we are adopting in this final rule are needed to:
(1) Add 16 species that qualify for protection under the MBTA;
(2) Correct the spelling of 3 species names on the alphabetized list;
(3) Correct the spelling of 3 species names on the taxonomic list;
(4) Add 30 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since 2010;
(5) Add one species moved from a family that was not protected to a family protected under the MBTA as a result of taxonomic changes;
(6) Add 28 species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes;
(7) Remove 8 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or U.S. territories as a result of recent taxonomic changes;
(8) Change the common (English) names of 43 species to conform to accepted use; and
(9) Change the scientific names of 135 species to conform to accepted use.
The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on November 1, 2013 (78 FR 65844). The amendments in this rule were necessitated by nine published supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Check-list of North American Birds (AOU 2011, AOU 2012, AOU 2013, AOU 2014, AOU 2015, AOU 2016, AOS 2017, AOS 2018, and AOS 2019) and the 2017 publication of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2017).
What scientific authorities are used to amend the List of Migratory Birds?
Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOU 1999 through 2016, AOS 2017 through 2019), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOU (now AOS) Checklist of North American Birds (Checklist), developed by the AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for ornithology in North America; evaluating and codifying the latest scientific developments in the systematics, classification, nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS's Checklist represents the best information available for developing the North American component of this List of Migratory Birds. In keeping with the increasing numbers of study areas on which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge. The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species known to occur in the United States.
For the species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist) (Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2017 installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2017), and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological authorities to compile the list, using the AOS for the western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of the Clements Checklist, but range descriptions are maintained and updated based on the best available information and do not include records of vagrancy.
Although the Service primarily relies on the above sources, when informed taxonomic opinion or documented natural distribution is inconsistent or controversial, the Service evaluates available published and unpublished information and comes to its own conclusions regarding the validity of taxa and records of distribution.
What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA?
A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following criteria:
(1) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently, or was previously listed as, a species or part of a family protected by one of the four international treaties or their amendments. Any species that occurs in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction does not qualify for the MBTA list, regardless of whether the family the species belongs to is listed in any of the treaties, unless:
- It was native to the United States or its territories and extant in 1918;
- It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the United States and its territories; and
- After such extirpation, it was reintroduced in the United States or its territories as part of a program carried out by a Federal agency.
(2) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS) or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will still be included if either of the following criteria apply:
- The species resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by trade if the species is not included; or
- Not including the species may create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions.
(3) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories resulting from natural distributional changes and the species occurs in a protected family. Records must be documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S. Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature, in that order.
In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United States or U.S. territories. A native migratory bird species is one that is present as a result of natural biological or ecological processes. The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species that occur in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we publish a list of nonnative bird species that are not protected under the MBTA.
How do the changes affect the List of Migratory Birds?
Several taxonomic changes were made at the Order and Family level by the AOS since our 2013 publication of the list (78 FR 65844; November 1, 2013). These changes affect the inclusion and taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically, the Order Cathartiformes (New World vultures) was split from the Accipitriformes (diurnal birds of prey). Cathartiformes now includes the Family Cathartidae (vultures and California Condor, Gymnogyps californianus). At the Family level, the Oceanitidae (southern storm-petrels) was split from the Hydrobatidae (northern storm-petrels), the Tityridae (becards and tityras) was split from the Tyrannidae (tyrant flycatchers), the Passerellidae (towhees, sparrows, and juncos) was split from the Emberizidae (buntings), and the Megaluridae (Locustella warblers) was renamed to Locustellidae. The Ptilogonatidae (silky-flycatchers) was renamed to the Ptiliogonatidae. The Nesospingidae (Puerto Rican Tanager) and the Spindalidae (Spindalis genus) were split from the Thraupidae (tanagers). The yellow-breasted chat was split from the Parulidae (wood-warblers) and placed into Icteriidae (chats). Within the Scolopacidae (sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies), new Subfamilies were created: The curlews were moved to Numeniinae; the godwits to Limosinae; and small sandpipers to Arenariinae and larger sandpipers to Tringinae, including phalaropes whose previous Subfamily Phalaropodinae was removed. Within the Accipitridae (hawks, eagles, and kites), new Subfamilies were created: The White-tailed Kite was move to Elaninae, Hook-billed and Swallow-tailed Kite were moved to Gypaetinae, and all other members of the family were moved to Accipitrinae. Within the Icteridae (blackbirds), new Subfamilies were created: Yellow-headed blackbird was moved to Xanthocephalinae; bobolink was moved to Dolichonychinae; meadowlarks were moved to Sturnellinae; orioles were moved to Icterinae; and blackbirds, cowbirds, and grackles were moved to Agelaiinae. In the Falconidae (caracaras and falcons), collared forest-falcon was moved into the new Subfamily Herpetotherinae, and the Subfamily Caracarinae was removed, with crested caracara moved to the Subfamily Falconinae. In the Fringillidae (finches and allies), the Hawaiian fringillids were moved from the Subfamily Drepanidinae to Carduelinae. The Old World flycatchers in the Turdidae (thrushes) were moved to the Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). Bananaquit was moved from the Coerebidae (a family not protected by MBTA) to the Thraupidae (tanagers and allies), which is a family protected by the MBTA. All other tanagers were also moved from the Emberizidae (sparrows) to the Thraupidae. Within Thraupidae, the seedeaters were moved into the Subfamily Sporophilinae, and bananaquit, grassquits, and bullfinches were moved into the Subfamily Coerebinae.
All species previously receiving protection under the MBTA that have been moved to newly created Families continue to be protected under the MBTA.
The amendments affect a total of 252 species; 75 additions, 8 removals, and 178 name changes covering 169 species (9 species had both scientific and common name changes). The result is a net addition of 67 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the number of species on the list from 1,026 to 1,093. Of the 75 species that we add to the list, 28 were previously covered under the MBTA as members of the same species (conspecific) of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following nine categories:
(1) Add 16 species that qualify for protection by the MBTA but have not been added previously. The addition of these species is the result of either accepting AOS taxonomic updates that were previously excluded or determinations of documented natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. The species and relevant publication(s) are:
Pink-footed Goose, Anser brachyrhynchus (AOS 2019);
Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii (AOU 2004);
Long-tailed Koel, Urodynamis taitensis (Wiles 2005);
White-tailed Nightjar, Hydropsalis cayennensis (AOU 1983);
Vervain Hummingbird, Mellisuga minima (AOU 1983);
Kentish Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus (Enbring and Owen 1981);
Common Redshank, Tringa totanus (Wiles 2005);
Nazca Booby, Sula granti (AOS 2019);
Abbott's Booby, Papasula abbotti (Pratt et al. 2009);
Rufous Night-Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus (Glass et al. 1990);
Gray-faced Buzzard, Butastur indicus (Stinson et al. 1997);
Eastern Marsh-Harrier, Circus spilonotus (Wiles et al. 2000);
Amur Falcon, Falco amurensis (Stinson et al. 1991);
Eurasian Jackdaw, Corvus monedula (AOU 1998);
Redwing, Turdus iliacus (AOU 1998);
Common Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis (Wiles et al. 1993).
(2) Correct the spelling of three common or scientific names on the alphabetized list:
Eared Quetzel, Euptilotis neoxenus, becomes Eared Quetzal
Red-footed falcon, Flaco vespertinus, becomes Falco vespertinus
Piratic Flycatcher, Legatus leucophalus becomes Legatus leucophaius
(3) Correct the spelling of three common or scientific names on the taxonomic list:
Eared Quetzel, Euptilotis neoxenus, becomes Eared Quetzal
White-crested Eleania, Elaenia albiceps becomes White-crested Elaenia
Piratic Flycatcher, Legatus leucophalus becomes Legatus leucophaius
(4) Add 30 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since 2010) or by other appropriate ornithological authorities of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families covered by at least one of the four international conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication:
Common Scoter, Melanitta nigra—California and Oregon (AOS 2017);
Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis amethystinus—Texas (AOS 2018, AOS 2019);
Rufous-necked Wood-Rail, Aramides axillaris—New Mexico (AOU 2016);
Solitary Snipe, Gallinago solitaria—Alaska (AOU 2011);
Chatham Albatross, Thalassarche eremita—California (AOS 2017);
European Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus—North Carolina and Florida (AOS 2019);
Providence Petrel, Pterodroma solandri—Alaska (AOU 2013);
Fea's Petrel, Pterodroma feae—North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia (AOU 2013);
Zino's Petrel, Pterodroma madeira—North Carolina, (AOU 2015);
White-chinned Petrel, Procellaria aequinoctialis—Texas, California, Maine (AOU 2011);
Bryan's Shearwater, Puffinus bryani—Hawaii (AOU 2012);
Bare-throated Tiger-Heron, Tigrisoma mexicanum—Texas (AOU 2011);
Double-toothed Kite, Harpagus bidentatus—Texas (AOU 2013);
Great Black Hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga—Texas and Maine (AOS 2019);
Amazon Kingfisher, Chloroceryle amazona—Texas (AOU 2011);
Gray-collared Becard, Pachyramphus major—Arizona (AOU 2011);
Pine Flycatcher, Empidonax affinis—Arizona (AOS 2018);
Cuban Vireo, Vireo gundlachii—Florida (AOS 2018);
Common Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita—Alaska (AOU 2014);
Thick-billed Warbler, Arundinax aedon—Alaska (AOS 2019);
Blyth's Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum—Alaska (AOU 2017);
River Warbler, Locustella fluviatilis—Alaska (AOS 2019);
European Robin, Erithacus rubecula—Pennsylvania (AOS 2019);
Common Redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus—Alaska (AOU 2015);
Pied Wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka—Alaska (AOS 2019);
Brown-backed Solitaire, Myadestes occidentalis—Arizona (AOU 2011);
Pallas's Rosefinch, Carpodacus roseus—Alaska (AOS 2019);
Asian Rosy-Finch, Leucosticte arctoa—Alaska (AOU 2013);
Black-backed Oriole, Icterus abeillei—Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut (AOS 2019);
Red-legged Honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus—Texas (AOS 2017).
(5) Add one species because of recent taxonomic changes transferring a species in a Family formerly not protected by the MBTA (Coerebidae) into a Family protected under the MBTA (Thraupidae). We reference the AOS publication supporting the change:
Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola (AOU 2015).
(6) Add 28 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species, these additions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change:
Stejneger's Scoter, Melanitta stejnegeri—formerly considered conspecific with Velvet Scoter, Melanitta fusca (AOS 2019);
Ridgway's Rail, Rallus obsoletus—formerly considered conspecific with Clapper Rail, Rallus longirostris (AOU 2014);
Common Gallinule, Gallinula galeata—formerly considered conspecific with Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus (AOU 2011);
Scripps's Murrelet, Synthliboramphus scrippsi—formerly considered conspecific with Xantus's Murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (AOU 2012);
Salvin's Albatross, Thalassarche salvini—formerly considered conspecific with Shy Albatross, Thalassarche cauta (AOU 2014);
Gray-faced Petrel, Pterodroma gouldi—formerly considered conspecific with Great-winged Petrel, Pterodroma macroptera (AOS 2019);
Trindade Petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana —formerly considered conspecific with Herald Petrel, Pterodroma heraldica (AOU 2015);
Newell's Shearwater, Puffinus newelli—formerly considered conspecific with Townsend's Shearwater, Puffinus auricularis (AOU 2015);
Barolo Shearwater, Puffinus baroli—formerly considered conspecific with Little Shearwater, Puffinus assimilis (AOU 2013);
Townsend's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates socorroensis—formerly considered conspecific with Leach's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhous (AOU 2016, AOS 2019);
Northern Boobook, Ninox japonica—formerly considered conspecific with Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (AOU 2014);
Pacific Kingfisher, Todiramphus sacer—formerly considered conspecific with Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015);
Mariana Kingfisher, Todiramphus albicilla—formerly considered conspecific with Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015);
Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma woodhouseii—formerly considered conspecific with Western Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica (AOU 2016);
Kamchatka Leaf Warbler, Phylloscopus examinandus—formerly considered conspecific with Arctic Warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (AOU 2014);
Saipan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus hiwae—formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013);
Aguiguan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus nijoi—formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013);
Pagan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus yamashinae—formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013);
Laysan Honeycreeper, Himatione fraithii— formerly considered conspecific with Apapane, Himatione sanguinea (AOU 2015)
Kauai Nukupu‘u, Hemignathus hanapepe—formerly considered conspecific with Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (AOU 2015);
Maui Nukupu‘u, Hemignathus affins—formerly considered conspecific with Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (AOU 2015);
Kauai ‘Akialoa, Akialoa stejnegeri—formerly considered conspecific with Greater Akialoa, Hemignathus ellisianus (AOU 2015);
Maui Nui ‘Akialoa, Akialoa lanaiensis—formerly considered conspecific with Greater Akialoa, Hemignathus ellisianus (AOU 2015);
O‘ahu ‘Akepa, Loxops wolstenholmei—formerly considered conspecific with Akepa, Loxops coccineus (AOU 2015);
Maui ‘Akepa, Loxops ochraceus—formerly considered conspecific with Akepa, Loxops coccineus (AOU 2015);
Cassia Crossbill, Loxia sinesciuris—formerly considered conspecific with Red Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (AOS 2017);
Sagebrush Sparrow, Artemisiospiza nevadensis—formerly considered conspecific with Sage Sparrow, Amphispiza belli (AOU 2013);
Morelet's Seedeater, Sporophila morelleti—formerly considered conspecific with White-collared Seedeater, Sporophila torqueola (AOS 2018).
(7) Remove eight species based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the publication supporting these changes:
Thayer's Gull, Larus thayeri, now a subspecies of Iceland Gull, Larus glaucoides (AOS 2017);
Great-winged Petrel, Pterodroma macroptera (AOS 2019);
Townsend's Shearwater, Puffinus auricularis (AOU 2015);
Little Shearwater, Puffinus assimilis (AOU 2015);
Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (AOU 2014);
Caribbean Coot, Fulica caribaea (AOU 2016);
Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015);
White-collared Seedeater, Sporophila torqueola (AOS 2018).
(8) Revise the common (English) names of 43 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOU publications 2011 through 2017, AOS 2018 and 2019 and Clements et al. (2017). Hawaiian species names are modified to official Hawaiian spelling, following the Pukui-Elbert Hawaiian Dictionary, adding the diacritical marks to the common names where applicable. The Government Publishing Office Style Manual requires the words Hawaii and Kauai to be spelled without the diacritical mark. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below.
(9) Revise the scientific names of 135 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOU publications 2011 through 2017, AOS 2018 and 2019 and Clements et al. (2017). These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below.
Table of name changes, as described in categories 8 and 9, above, follows. Table is organized following AOS (2019) taxonomic order. The relevant AOS publication is provided. Hawaiian common name changes are indicated with a (—).
| Publication source and year | Previous common name | Current common name |
|---|---|---|
| AOU 2004 | Canada Goose (including Branta hutchinsii), Branta canadensis | Canada Goose, Branta canadensis. |
| AOS 2019 | Common Ground-Dove, Columbina passerina | Common Ground Dove, Columbina passerina. |
| AOS 2019 | Ruddy Ground-Dove, Columbina talpacoti | Ruddy Ground Dove, Columbina talpacoti. |
| AOU 2016 | Green Violetear, Colibri thalassinus | Mexican Violetear, Colibri thalassinus. |
| AOS 2017 | Magnificent hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens | Rivoli's Hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens. |
| AOS 2019 | Blue-throated Hummingbird, Lampornis clemenciae | Blue-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis clemenciae. |
| AOU 2012 | Xantus's Murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus | Guadalupe Murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus. |
| AOU 2014 | Shy Albatross, Thalassarche cauta | White-capped Albatross, Thalassarche cauta. |
| AOU 2015 | Herald Petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana | Trindade Petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana. |
| Clements et al. 2000 | Pacific Reef-Egret, Egretta sacra | Pacific Reef-Heron, Egretta sacra. |
| AOU 2012 | Gray Frog-Hawk, Accipiter soloensis | Chinese Sparrowhawk, Accipiter soloensis. |
| AOU 2014 | Common Black-Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus | Common Black Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus. |
| AOS 2018 | Gray Jay, Perisoreus canadensis | Canada Jay, Perisoreus canadensis. |
| AOU 2016 | Western Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica | California Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica. |
| AOU 2016 | Eurasian Sky Lark, Alauda arvensis | Eurasian Skylark, Alauda arvensis. |
| AOU 2014 | Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus | Pallas's Leaf Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus. |
| — | Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus | Kāma'o, Myadestes myadestinus. |
| — | Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis | Oloma'o, Myadestes lanaiensis. |
| — | Omao, Myadestes obscurus | 'Ōmar'o, Myadestes obscurus. |
| AOS 2017 | Le Conte's Thrasher, Toxostoma lecontei | LeConte's Thrasher, Toxostoma lecontei. |
| AOU 2015 | Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus | O'ahu Nukupu'u, Hemignathus lucidus. |
| — | Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma | Po'ouli, Melamprosops phaeosoma. |
| — | Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi | 'Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi. |
| — | Oahu Alauahio, Paroreomyza maculata | O'ahu 'Alauahio, Paroreomyza maculata. |
| — | Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea | Kākāwahie, Paroreomyza flammea. |
| — | Maui Alauahio, Paroreomyza montana | Maui 'Alauahio, Paroreomyza montana. |
| — | Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei | 'Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei. |
| — | Apapane, Himatione sanguinea | 'Apapane, Himatione sanguinea. |
| — | Iiwi, Drepanis coccinea | 'I'iwi, Drepanis coccinea. |
| — | Ou, Psittirostra psittacea | 'Ō'ū, Psittirostra psittacea. |
| — | Anianiau, Magumma parva | 'Anianiau, Magumma parva. |
| — | Akekee , Loxops caeruleirostris | 'Akeke'e , Loxops caeruleirostris. |
| AOU 2015 | Akepa, Loxops coccineus | Hawaii 'Akepa, Loxops coccineus. |
| AOS 2017 | Le Conte's Sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii | LeConte's Sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii. |
| AOS 2017 | Emperor Goose, Chen canagica | Emperor Goose, Anser canagicus. |
| AOS 2017 | Snow Goose, Chen caerulescens | Snow Goose, Anser caerulescens. |
| AOS 2017 | Ross's Goose, Chen rossii | Ross's Goose, Anser rossii. |
| AOS 2017 | Baikal Teal, Anas formosa | Baikal Teal, Sibirionetta formosa. |
| AOS 2017 | Garganey, Anas querquedula | Garganey, Spatula querquedula. |
| AOS 2017 | Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors | Blue-winged Teal, Spatula discors. |
| AOS 2017 | Cinnamon Teal, Anas cyanoptera | Cinnamon Teal, Spatula cyanoptera. |
| AOS 2017 | Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata | Northern Shoveler, Spatula clypeata. |
| AOS 2017 | Gadwall, Anas strepera | Gadwall, Mareca strepera. |
| AOS 2017 | Falcated Duck, Anas falcata | Falcated Duck, Mareca falcata. |
| AOS 2017 | Eurasian Wigeon, Anas penelope | Eurasian Wigeon, Mareca penelope. |
| AOS 2017 | American Wigeon, Anas americana | American Wigeon, Mareca americana. |
| AOS 2019 | White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca | White-winged Scoter, Melanitta deglandi. |
| Clements et al. 2017 | White-throated Ground-Dove, Gallicolumba xanthonura | White-throated Ground-Dove, Alopecoenas xanthonurus. |
| Clements et al. 2010 | Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo, Cuculus fugax | Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo, Hierococcyx nisicolor. |
| AOU 2012 | Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus carolinensis | Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis. |
| AOU 2012 | Buff-collared Nightjar, Caprimulgus ridgwayi | Buff-collared Nightjar, Antrostomus ridgwayi. |
| AOU 2012 | Eastern Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus | Eastern Whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus. |
| AOU 2012 | Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae | Mexican Whip-poor-will, Antrostomus arizonae. |
| AOU 2012 | Puerto Rican Nightjar, Caprimulgus noctitherus | Puerto Rican Nightjar, Antrostomus noctitherus. |
| AOS 2018 | Gray Nightjar, Caprimulgus indicus | Gray Nightjar, Caprimulgus jotaka. |
| AOS 2019 | Bahama Woodstar, Calliphlox evelynae | Bahama Woodstar, Nesophlox evelynae. |
| AOU 2012 | Calliope Hummingbird, Stellula calliope | Calliope Hummingbird, Selasphorus calliope. |
| AOU 2014 | Clapper Rail, Rallus longirostris | Clapper Rail, Rallus crepitans. |
| AOU 2016 | Yellow-breasted Crake, Porzana flaviventer | Yellow-breasted Crake, Hapalocrex flaviventer. |
| AOU 2012 | Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio martinica | Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus. |
| AOU 2016 | Sandhill Crane, Grus canadensis | Sandhill Crane, Antigone canadensis. |
| AOU 2011 | Snowy Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus | Snowy Plover, Charadrius nivosus. |
| AOU 2013 | Surfbird, Aphriza virgata | Surfbird, Calidris virgata. |
| AOU 2013 | Ruff, Philomachus pugnax | Ruff, Calidris pugnax. |
| AOU 2013 | Broad-billed Sandpiper, Limicola falcinellus | Broad-billed Sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus. |
| AOU 2013 | Spoon-billed Sandpiper, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus | Spoon-billed Sandpiper, Calidris pygmea. |
| AOU 2013 | Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis | Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis. |
| AOS 2017 | Blue-gray Noddy, Procelsterna cerulea | Blue-gray Noddy, Anous ceruleus. |
| AOU 2003 | Whiskered Tern, Chlidonias hybridus | Whiskered Tern, Chlidonias hybrida. |
| AOS 2019 | Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma furcata | Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates furcatus. |
| AOS 2019 | Ringed Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma hornbyi | Ringed Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates hornbyi. |
| AOS 2019 | Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis | Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates monorhis. |
| AOS 2019 | Leach's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa | Leach's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous. |
| AOS 2019 | Townsend's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma socorroensis | Townsend's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates socorroensis. |
| AOS 2019 | Ashy Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma homochroa | Ashy Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates homochroa. |
| AOS 2019 | Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma castro | Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates castro. |
| AOS 2019 | Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma tethys | Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates tethys. |
| AOS 2019 | Black Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma melania | Black Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates melania. |
| AOS 2019 | Tristram's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma tristrami | Tristram's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates tristrami. |
| AOS 2019 | Least Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma microsoma | Least Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates microsoma. |
| AOS 2018 | Tahiti Petrel, Pterodroma rostrata | Tahiti Petrel, Pseudobulweria rostrata. |
| AOU 2016 | Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Puffinus pacificus | Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Ardenna pacifica. |
| AOU 2016 | Buller's Shearwater, Puffinus bulleri | Buller's Shearwater, Ardenna bulleri. |
| AOU 2016 | Short-tailed Shearwater, Puffinus tenuirostris | Short-tailed Shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris. |
| AOU 2016 | Sooty Shearwater, Puffinus griseus | Sooty Shearwater, Ardenna grisea. |
| AOU 2016 | Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis | Great Shearwater, Ardenna gravis. |
| AOU 2016 | Pink-footed Shearwater, Puffinus creatopus | Pink-footed Shearwater, Ardenna creatopus. |
| AOU 2016 | Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carneipes | Flesh-footed Shearwater, Ardenna carneipes. |
| AOS 2017 | Intermediate Egret, Mesophoyx intermedia | Intermediate Egret, Ardea intermedia. |
| AOS 2017 | Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus | Northern Harrier, Circus hudsonius. |
| AOU 2015 | Roadside Hawk, Buteo magnirostris | Roadside Hawk, Rupornis magnirostris. |
| AOU 2015 | White-tailed Hawk, Buteo albicaudatus | White-tailed Hawk, Geranoaetus albicaudatus. |
| AOS 2018 | Downy Woodpecker, Picoides pubescens | Downy Woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens. |
| AOS 2018 | Nuttall's Woodpecker, Picoides nuttallii | Nuttall's Woodpecker, Dryobates nuttallii. |
| AOS 2018 | Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Picoides scalaris | Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Dryobates scalaris. |
| AOS 2018 | Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picoides borealis | Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Dryobates borealis. |
| AOS 2018 | Hairy Woodpecker, Picoides villosus | Hairy Woodpecker, Dryobates villosus. |
| AOS 2018 | White-headed Woodpecker, Picoides albolarvatus | White-headed Woodpecker, Dryobates albolarvatus. |
| AOS 2018 | Arizona Woodpecker, Picoides arizonae | Arizona Woodpecker, Dryobates arizonae. |
| AOU 2013 | Flammulated Owl, Otus flammeolus | Flammulated Owl, Psiloscops flammeolus. |
| AOS 2017 | Northern Shrike, Lanius excubitor | Northern Shrike, Lanius borealis. |
| AOU 2011 | Mexican Jay, Aphelocoma ultramarina | Mexican Jay, Aphelocoma wollweberi. |
| AOU 2012 | Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa | Sinaloa Wren, Thryophilus sinaloa. |
| AOS 2018 | Siberian Blue Robin, Luscinia cyane | Siberian Blue Robin, Larvivora cyane. |
| AOS 2018 | Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans | Rufous-tailed Robin, Larvivora sibilans. |
| AOS 2018 | Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica | Bluethroat, Cyanecula svecica. |
| AOS 2018 | Siberian Rubythroat, Luscinia calliope | Siberian Rubythroat, Calliope calliope. |
| Clements et al. 2015 | Chestnut-cheeked Starling, Sturnus phillippensis | Chestnut-cheeked Starling, Agropsar philippensis. |
| Clements et al. 2015 | White-cheeked Starling, Sturnus cineraceus | White-cheeked Starling, Spodiopsar cineraceus. |
| AOU 2013 | Gray Silky-flycatcher, Ptilogonys cinereus | Gray Silky-flycatcher , Ptiliogonys cinereus. |
| AOU 2012 | House Finch, Carpodacus mexicanus | House Finch, Haemorhous mexicanus. |
| AOU 2012 | Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus | Purple Finch, Haemorhous purpureus. |
| AOU 2012 | Cassin's Finch, Carpodacus cassinii | Cassin's Finch, Haemorhous cassinii. |
| AOU 2015 | American Tree Sparrow, Spizella arborea | American Tree Sparrow, Spizelloides arborea. |
| AOS 2018 | LeConte's Sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii | LeConte's Sparrow, Ammospiza leconteii. |
| AOS 2018 | Seaside Sparrow, Ammodramus maritima | Seaside Sparrow, Ammospiza maritima. |
| AOS 2018 | Nelson's Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni | Nelson's Sparrow, Ammospiza nelsoni. |
| AOS 2018 | Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacuta | Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammospiza caudacuta. |
| AOS 2018 | Baird's Sparrow, Ammodramus bairdii | Baird's Sparrow, Centronyx bairdii. |
| AOS 2018 | Henslow's Sparrow, Ammodramus henslowii | Henslow's Sparrow, Centronyx henslowii. |
| AOS 2019 | Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis peregrina | Tennessee Warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina. |
| AOS 2019 | Orange-crowned Warbler, Oreothlypis celata | Orange-crowned Warbler, Leiothlypis celata. |
| AOS 2019 | Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis crissalis | Colima Warbler, Leiothlypis crissalis. |
| AOS 2019 | Lucy's Warbler, Oreothlypis luciae | Lucy's Warbler, Leiothlypis luciae. |
| AOS 2019 | Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis ruficapilla | Nashville Warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla. |
| AOS 2019 | Virginia's Warbler, Oreothlypis virginiae | Virginia's Warbler, Leiothlypis virginiae. |
| AOU 2011 | MacGillivray's Warbler, Oporornis tolmiei | MacGillivray's Warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei. |
| AOU 2011 | Mourning Warbler, Oporornis philadelphia | Mourning Warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia. |
| AOU 2011 | Kentucky Warbler, Oporornis formosus | Kentucky Warbler, Geothlypis formosa. |
| AOU 2011 | Elfin-woods Warbler, Dendroica angelae | Elfin-woods Warbler, Setophaga angelae. |
| AOU 2011 | Hooded Warbler, Wilsonia citrina | Hooded Warbler, Setophaga citrina. |
| AOU 2011 | Kirtland's Warbler, Dendroica kirtlandii | Kirtland's Warbler, Setophaga kirtlandii. |
| AOU 2011 | Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina | Cape May Warbler, Setophaga tigrina. |
| AOU 2011 | Cerulean Warbler, Dendroica cerulea | Cerulean Warbler, Setophaga cerulea. |
| AOU 2011 | Northern Parula, Parula americana | Northern Parula, Setophaga americana. |
| AOU 2011 | Tropical Parula, Parula pitiayumi | Tropical Parula, Setophaga pitiayumi. |
| AOU 2011 | Magnolia Warbler, Dendroica magnolia | Magnolia Warbler, Setophaga magnolia. |
| AOU 2011 | Bay-breasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea | Bay-breasted Warbler, Setophaga castanea. |
| AOU 2011 | Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca | Blackburnian Warbler, Setophaga fusca. |
| AOU 2011 | Yellow Warbler, Dendroica petechia | Yellow Warbler, Setophaga petechia. |
| AOU 2011 | Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pensylvanica | Chestnut-sided Warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica. |
| AOU 2011 | Blackpoll Warbler, Dendroica striata | Blackpoll Warbler, Setophaga striata. |
| AOU 2011 | Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica caerulescens | Black-throated Blue Warbler, Setophaga caerulescens. |
| AOU 2011 | Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum | Palm Warbler, Setophaga palmarum. |
| AOU 2011 | Pine Warbler, Dendroica pinus | Pine Warbler, Setophaga pinus. |
| AOU 2011 | Yellow-rumped Warbler, Dendroica coronata | Yellow-rumped Warbler, Setophaga coronata. |
| AOU 2011 | Yellow-throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica | Yellow-throated Warbler, Setophaga dominica. |
| AOU 2011 | Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor | Prairie Warbler, Setophaga discolor. |
| AOU 2011 | Adelaide's Warbler, Dendroica adelaidae | Adelaide's Warbler, Setophaga adelaidae. |
| AOU 2011 | Grace's Warbler, Dendroica graciae | Grace's Warbler, Setophaga graciae. |
| AOU 2011 | Black-throated Gray Warbler, Dendroica nigrescens | Black-throated Gray Warbler, Setophaga nigrescens. |
| AOU 2011 | Townsend's Warbler, Dendroica townsendi | Townsend's Warbler, Setophaga townsendi. |
| AOU 2011 | Hermit Warbler, Dendroica occidentalis | Hermit Warbler, Setophaga occidentalis. |
| AOU 2011 | Golden-cheeked Warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia | Golden-cheeked Warbler, Setophaga chrysoparia. |
| AOU 2011 | Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens | Black-throated Green Warbler, Setophaga virens. |
| AOU 2011 | Fan-tailed Warbler, Euthlypis lachrymosa | Fan-tailed Warbler, Basileuterus lachrymosus. |
| AOU 2011 | Canada Warbler, Wilsonia canadensis | Canada Warbler, Cardellina canadensis. |
| AOU 2011 | Wilson's Warbler, Wilsonia pusilla | Wilson's Warbler , Cardellina pusilla. |
| AOS 2019 | Black-faced Grassquit, Tiaris bicolor | Black-faced Grassquit, Melanospiza bicolor. |
| AOS 2018 | Puerto Rican Bullfinch, Loxigilla portoricensis | Puerto Rican Bullfinch, Melopyrrha portoricensis. |
| Clements et al. 2017 | Friendly Ground-Dove, Gallicolumba stairi | Shy Ground-Dove, Alopecoenas stairi. |
| Clements et al. 2006 | Micronesian Kingfisher, Todirhamphus cinnamominus | Guam Kingfisher, Todiramphus cinnamominus. |
| Clements et al. 2006, 2017 | Nightingale Reed-Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinia | Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius. |
| AOU 2015 | Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi | 'Akiapola'au, Hemignathus wilsoni. |
| AOU 2015 | Greater Akialoa, Hemignathus ellisianus | O'ahu 'Akialoa, Akialoa ellisiana. |
| AOU 2015 | Hawaii Amakihi, Hemignathus virens | Hawaii 'Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis virens. |
| AOU 2015 | Oahu Amakihi, Hemignathus flavus | O'ahu 'Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis flava. |
| AOU 2015 | Kauai Amakihi, Hemignathus kauaiensis | Kauai 'Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri. |
| AOU 2012, 2013 | Sage Sparrow, Amphispiza belli | Bell's Sparrow, Artemisiospiza belli. |
How do the changes adopted in this rule differ from those described in the proposed rule?
On November 28, 2018, we published in the Federal Register (83 FR 61288) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending January 28, 2019. Subsequently, on November 12, 2019, we published in the Federal Register (84 FR 60998) a revised proposed rule, and we accepted comments on our proposed revisions for 30 days, ending December 12, 2019. Taken together, our publications, the November 28, 2018, proposed rule, as revised by the November 12, 2019, revised proposed rule, include all the changes adopted in this rule with one exception: On the taxonomic list, we are correcting the scientific name of the Puerto Rican bullfinch from Loxigilla portoricensis to Melopyrrha portoricensis.
How is the List of Migratory Birds organized?
The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: Alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOS (1998, 2019) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.
What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
The MBTA does not apply to:
(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S. territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions. Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we publish the revised list of nonnative bird species that are not protected under the MBTA. Note, though, that native species introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or U.S. territories (e.g., cattle egrets in Hawaii).
(2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S. territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in the Canada, Mexico, and Russia Conventions or are not included by species name in the Japan Convention. This includes the Tinamidae (tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies), Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English sparrow), as well as numerous other families not represented in the United States or U.S. territories.
Summary of Comments and Responses
On November 28, 2018, we published in the Federal Register (83 FR 61288) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending January 28, 2019. We received eight comments in response to the proposed rule; seven were from private individuals, one was from an organization. Subsequently, on November 12, 2019, we published in the Federal Register (84 FR 60998) a revised proposed rule, and we accepted comments on our proposed revisions for 30 days, ending December 12, 2019. We received two comments in response to the revised proposed rule; one was from a private individual, one was from an organization. The following text discusses the substantive comments we received and provides our responses.
Comment (1): One individual requested that the list be available in a more user-friendly format.
Response: As noted above, in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the list is provided in two formats for different needs. One format is ordered alphabetically by group (English) name and the other is in taxonomic order. For informational purposes only, we also provide a downloadable list online at https://www.fws.gov/birds/management/managed-species/migratory-bird-treaty-act-protected-species.php, in a spreadsheet format that includes multiple fields to allow for easy sorting and searching for users comfortable working with this format.
Comment (2): One individual requested that we clarify why we are adding to the List the 16 species that we say qualify for protection by the MBTA but have not been added previously.
Response: For this update, the Service reviewed previously excluded AOS taxonomic updates using contemporary scientific literature to make its determinations. For species that we are adding based on evidence of natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories, the Service reviewed historical scientific literature prompted by recommendations made by Service staff with ornithological expertise and knowledge of species' natural distribution.
Comment (3): One individual commented on the importance of updating the List of Migratory Birds for the public to be informed of what species are protected and to provide clarification about the taxonomy of species.
Response: The Service agrees that it is important to maintain a current List of Migratory Birds that reflects the best available science and can inform the American public of the species that are protected by the MBTA.
Comment (4): One commenter made the following comments:
The proposed action of the Service implicates the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment; as a result, the action is not in compliance with Executive Order 12630 as it has significant takings implications.
The Service has provided the public with no meaningful opportunity to comment due to incorrect citations.
The Service has provided the public with no meaningful opportunity to comment because the correct citations are conclusory summations without details relating to the factual determinations.
The Service has unlawfully delegated its decision-making authority to a private organization.
The Service is unlawfully applying the MBTA by misinterpreting the plain language meaning of the term “occurring.”
Response: Regarding the first bullet, there are no takings implications stemming from this rulemaking. Under 50 CFR 21.2, migratory birds that are lawfully acquired prior to the effective date of Federal protection under the MBTA (in this case, their addition to the List of Migratory Birds at 50 CFR 10.13) may continue to be possessed or transported without a permit. However, 50 CFR 21.2 prohibits import, export, purchase, sale, barter, or offer for purchase, sale, or barter of those species. The Supreme Court held in Andrus v. Allard, 444 U.S. 51, 65-68 (1979), that the prohibitions in 50 CFR 21.2 do not amount to a regulatory taking that requires compensation under the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
Regarding the second bullet, we apologize for the incorrect citations in the November 28, 2018, proposed rule; they were corrected and described individually in the November 12, 2019, revised proposed rule, for which we accepted public comment for 30 days, and they are correct in this final rule.
Regarding the third and fourth bullets, which we combine because they are interrelated with regard to the process the Service follows for determining species protected by the MBTA, the Service must rely on accepted scientific authorities and best available science when feasible. The Service has determined that the checklist published by the AOS is the best available science and a primary resource from which to reference updates in taxonomy and natural distribution for the reasons outlined above under What Scientific Authorities Are Used to Amend the List of Migratory Birds? The Service reviews and makes its own determinations for inclusion and updates to the list of protected migratory bird species, as evidenced by the Service not recognizing ackling Gogose, Branta hutchinsii, as a distinct species for protection until this update when the AOU made this determination in its 2004 supplement (see our response to comments in 78 FR 65844, November 1, 2013, at p. 78 FR 65849). Copies of the AOS checklist and supplements are publicly available, and these publications cite published resources used in the committee deliberations that are also considered by the Service for this rulemaking. Persons wishing to obtain more information about deliberations and evidence used by the AOS in their determinations should contact AOS directly. The Service also solicits public comments through a proposed rule when we make revisions to the list of protected species to obtain any additional information the public wishes to provide to aid us in our decision-making.
Regarding the fifth bullet, the use of the word “occurring” is ambiguous in the legislative history, and there is no evidence that Congress was concerned with the number of records documenting a species' natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. Territories. There is also no established or accepted scientific process to determine a species is occurring in the United States or U.S. Territories based on an undefined threshold number of documented records. A single documented, reviewed, and accepted record of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. Territories is thus the threshold to qualify a species for protection by the MBTA.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not significant.
E.O. 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866, while calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends. E.O. 13563 directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that regulations must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent with these requirements.
Executive Order 13771—Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs
This rule is not an Executive Order (E.O.) 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 3, 2017) regulatory action because this rule is not significant under E.O. 12866.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.
This rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.
a. This rule will not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more.
b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions.
c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), we have determined the following:
a. This rule will not “significantly or uniquely” affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions; it will not affect small government activities in any significant way.
b. This rule will not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a “significant regulatory action” under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
Takings
Under Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have significant takings implications. While certain activities that were previously unregulated will now be regulated, possession and transport of migratory bird species acquired prior to being added to the List of Migratory Birds in this rulemaking will remain unregulated under Federal law. Therefore, a takings implication assessment is not required.
Federalism
This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.
Paperwork Reduction Act
This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not required. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and will have no or minor environmental effects, it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (43 CFR 46.210(i)).
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
Of the species on the List of Migratory Birds, 102 species, subspecies, or distinct population segments are also listed as endangered or threatened under section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because this rule is strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or threatened species. Thus, it does not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, “Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal Governments” (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions to existing regulations in this rule are purely administrative in nature and do not interfere with the tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)
On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, or use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule will only affect the listing of protected species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited is available on http://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0047, and upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above).
List of Subjects in Part 10
- Exports
- Fish
- Imports
- Law enforcement
- Plants
- Transportation
- Wildlife
Regulation Promulgation
For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:
PART 10—GENERAL PROVISIONS
1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:
2. Amend § 10.13 by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:
(c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Check-list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2019). For species not treated by the AOS Check-list, we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2017).
(1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name.
ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella
'AKEKE'E, Loxops caeruleirostris
'AKEPA, Hawaii, Loxops coccineus
Maui, Loxops ochraceus
O'ahu, Loxops wolstenholmei
'AKIALOA, Kauai, Akialoa stejnegeri
Maui Nui, Akialoa lanaiensis
O'ahu, Akialoa ellisiana
'AKIAPOLA'AU, Hemignathus wilsoni
'AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi
'AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei
'ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana
O'ahu, Paroreomyza maculata
ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris
Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes
Chatham, Thalassarche eremita
Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis
Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata
Salvin's, Thalassarche salvini
Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus
Wandering, Diomedea exulans
White-capped, Thalassarche cauta
Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos
'AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Chlorodrepanis virens
Kauai, Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri
O'ahu, Chlorodrepanis flava
ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga
ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris
Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani
'ANIANIAU, Magumma parva
'APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea
AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus
Crested, Aethia cristatella
Least, Aethia pusilla
Parakeet, Aethia psittacula
Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata
Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea
AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana
BANANAQUIT, Coereba flaveola
BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis
Tundra, Anser serrirostris
BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe
BECARD, Gray-collared, Pachyramphus major
Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae
BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus
Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis
Least, Ixobrychus exilis
Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis
BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus
Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus
Rusty, Euphagus carolinus
Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis
Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor
Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus
BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis
Mountain, Sialia currucoides
Western, Sialia mexicana
BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus
BLUETHROAT, Cyanecula svecica
BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
BOOBOOK, Northern, Ninox japonica
BOOBY, Abbott's, Papasula abbotti
Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii
Brown, Sula leucogaster
Masked, Sula dactylatra
Nazca, Sula granti
Red-footed, Sula sula
BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla
BRANT, Branta bernicla
BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola
BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Puerto Rican, Melopyrrha portoricensis
BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina
Gray, Emberiza variabilis
Indigo, Passerina cyanea
Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys
Lazuli, Passerina amoena
Little, Emberiza pusilla
McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus
Painted, Passerina ciris
Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi
Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos
Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus
Rustic, Emberiza rustica
Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis
Varied, Passerina versicolor
Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola
Yellow-browed, Emberiza chrysophrys
Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans
BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus
BUZZARD, Gray-faced, Butastur indicus
CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria
CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway
CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis
CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus
Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis
CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris
Gray, Dumetella carolinensis
CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs
CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens
CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus
Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus
Carolina, Poecile carolinensis
Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens
Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus
Mexican, Poecile sclateri
Mountain, Poecile gambeli
CHIFFCHAFF, Common, Phylloscopus collybita
CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Antrostomus carolinensis
CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus
COOT, American, Fulica americana
Eurasian, Fulica atra
Hawaiian, Fulica alai
CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus
Great, Phalacrocorax carbo
Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile
COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus
Brown-headed, Molothrus ater
Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis
CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex
Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops
Spotless, Porzana tabuensis
Yellow-breasted, Hapalocrex flaviventer
CRANE, Common, Grus grus
Sandhill, Antigone canadensis
Whooping, Grus americana
CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana
Hawaii, Loxops mana
CROSSBILL, Cassia, Loxia sinesciuris
Red, Loxia curvirostra
White-winged, Loxia leucoptera
CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos
Fish, Corvus ossifragus
Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis
Mariana, Corvus kubaryi
Northwestern, Corvus caurinus
Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus
White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus
CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Common, Cuculus canorus
Mangrove, Coccyzus minor
Oriental, Cuculus optatus
Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus
CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis
Eskimo, Numenius borealis
Eurasian, Numenius arquata
Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis
Little, Numenius minutus
Long-billed, Numenius americanus
DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana
DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus
DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus
DOVE, Common Ground, Columbina passerina
Inca, Columbina inca
Mourning, Zenaida macroura
Ruddy Ground, Columbina talpacoti
White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi
White-winged, Zenaida asiatica
Zenaida, Zenaida aurita
DOVEKIE, Alle alle
DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus
Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus
DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes
Eastern Spot-billed, Anas zonorhyncha
Falcated, Mareca falcata
Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus
Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana
Laysan, Anas laysanensis
Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis
Masked, Nomonyx dominicus
Mottled, Anas fulvigula
Muscovy, Cairina moschata
Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa
Ring-necked, Aythya collaris
Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis
Tufted, Aythya fuligula
Wood, Aix sponsa
DUNLIN, Calidris alpina
EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Golden, Aquila chrysaetos
White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla
EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis
Chinese, Egretta eulophotes
Great, Ardea alba
Intermediate, Ardea intermedia
Little, Egretta garzetta
Reddish, Egretta rufescens
Snowy, Egretta thula
EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima
King, Somateria spectabilis
Spectacled, Somateria fischeri
Steller's, Polysticta stelleri
ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica
Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata
White-crested, Elaenia albiceps
EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus
EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica
FALCON, Amur, Falco amurensis
Aplomado, Falco femoralis
Peregrine, Falco peregrinus
Prairie, Falco mexicanus
Red-footed, Falco vespertinus
FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris
FINCH, Cassin's, Haemorhous cassinii
House, Haemorhous mexicanus
Laysan, Telespiza cantans
Nihoa, Telespiza ultima
Purple, Haemorhous purpureus
FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus ruber
FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides
Northern, Colaptes auratus
FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens
Alder, Empidonax alnorum
Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens
Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica
Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons
Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis
Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus
Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica
Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri
Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer
Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana
Gray, Empidonax wrightii
Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta
Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus
Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii
La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae
Least, Empidonax minimus
Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki
Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina
Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi
Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi
Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis
Pine, Empidonax affinis
Piratic, Legatus leucophaius
Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum
Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus
Social, Myiozetetes similis
Spotted, Muscicapa striata
Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris
Taiga, Ficedula albicilla
Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
Variegated, Empidonomus varius
Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus
Willow, Empidonax traillii
Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris
FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus
FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor
Lesser, Fregata ariel
Magnificent, Fregata magnificens
FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus
Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii
Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla
FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis
GADWALL, Mareca strepera
GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris
Common, Gallinula galeata
Purple, Porphyrio martinicus
GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus
GARGANEY, Spatula querquedula
GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps
Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura
Blue-Gray, Polioptila caerulea
California, Polioptila californica
GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica
Black-tailed, Limosa limosa
Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica
Marbled, Limosa fedoa
GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica
Common, Bucephala clangula
GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica
European, Pluvialis apricaria
Pacific, Pluvialis fulva
GOLDFINCH, American, Spinus tristis
Lawrence's, Spinus lawrencei
Lesser, Spinus psaltria
GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis
Cackling, Branta hutchinsii
Canada, Branta canadensis
Emperor, Anser canagicus
Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons
Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis
Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus
Pink-footed, Anser brachyrhynchus
Ross's, Anser rossii
Snow, Anser caerulescens
GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis
GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major
Common, Quiscalus quiscula
Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger
Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus
GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis
GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Melanospiza bicolor
Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus
GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii
Eared, Podiceps nigricollis
Horned, Podiceps auritus
Least, Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps
Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena
Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis
GREENFINCH, Oriental, Chloris sinica
GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia
Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer
GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus
Blue, Passerina caerulea
Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno
Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus
Pine, Pinicola enucleator
Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus
Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
GROUND-DOVE, Shy, Alopecoenas stairi
White-throated, Alopecoenas xanthonurus
GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle
Pigeon, Cepphus columba
GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri
Black-headed, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris
Bonaparte's, Chroicocephalus philadelphia
California, Larus californicus
Franklin's, Leucophaeus pipixcan
Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus
Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens
Gray-hooded, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
Great Black-backed, Larus marinus
Heermann's, Larus heermanni
Herring, Larus argentatus
Iceland, Larus glaucoides
Ivory, Pagophila eburnea
Kelp, Larus dominicanus
Laughing, Leucophaeus atricilla
Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus
Little, Hydrocoloeus minutus
Mew, Larus canus
Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis
Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea
Sabine's, Xema sabini
Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus
Swallow-tailed, Creagrus furcatus
Western, Larus occidentalis
Yellow-footed, Larus livens
Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis
GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus
HARRIER, Northern, Circus hudsonius
HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes
HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus
Common Black, Buteogallus anthracinus
Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii
Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens
Ferruginous, Buteo regalis
Gray, Buteo plagiatus
Great Black, Buteogallus urubitinga
Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus
Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius
Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus
Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis
Roadside, Rupornis magnirostris
Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus
Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus
Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus
Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni
White-tailed, Geranoaetus albicaudatus
Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus
HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Hierococcyx nisicolor
HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea
Great Blue, Ardea herodias
Green, Butorides virescens
Little Blue, Egretta caerulea
Tricolored, Egretta tricolor
HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo
HONEYCREEPER, Laysan, Himatione fraithii
Red-legged, Cyanerpes cyaneus
HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops
HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum
HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin
Anna's, Calypte anna
Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus
Berylline, Amazilia beryllina
Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri
Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris
Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus
Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis
Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa
Calliope, Selasphorus calliope
Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila
Costa's, Calypte costae
Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer
Rivoli's, Eugenes fulgens
Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris
Rufous, Selasphorus rufus
Vervain, Mellisuga minima
Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps
White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis
Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii
IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus
Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber
White, Eudocimus albus
White-faced, Plegadis chihi
'I'IWI, Drepanis coccinea
IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica
JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria
JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa
JACKDAW, Eurasian, Corvus monedula
JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus
Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus
Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus
JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata
Brown, Psilorhinus morio
Canada, Perisoreus canadensis
Green, Cyanocorax yncas
Mexican, Aphelocoma wollweberi
Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri
JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis
Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus
KĀKĀWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea
KĀMA`O, Myadestes myadestinus
KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius
Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus
KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus
KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans
Couch's, Tyrannus couchii
Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus
Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis
Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus
Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris
Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus
Western, Tyrannus verticalis
KINGFISHER, Amazon, Chloroceryle amazona
Belted, Megaceryle alcyon
Common, Alcedo atthis
Green, Chloroceryle americana
Guam, Todiramphus cinnamominus
Mariana, Todiramphus albicilla
Pacific, Todiramphus sacer
Ringed, Megaceryle torquata
KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa
Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula
KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus
KITE, Black, Milvus migrans
Double-toothed, Harpagus bidentatus
Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus
Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis
Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis
Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus
White-tailed, Elanus leucurus
KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla
Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris
KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris
Red, Calidris canutus
KOEL, Long-tailed, Urodynamis taitensis
LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus
LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris
LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna
LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti
LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus
Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus
McCown's, Rhynchophanes mccownii
Smith's, Calcarius pictus
LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica
Common, Gavia immer
Pacific, Gavia pacifica
Red-throated, Gavia stellata
Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii
MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia
Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli
MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos
MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus
Green, Anthracothorax viridis
Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii
MARSH-HARRIER, Eastern, Circus spilonotus
MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera
Caribbean, Progne dominicensis
Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca
Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea
Purple, Progne subis
Southern, Progne elegans
MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna
Western, Sturnella neglecta
MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser
Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus
Red-breasted, Mergus serrator
MERLIN, Falco columbarius
MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris
MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii
Blue, Melanotis caerulescens
Northern, Mimus polyglottos
MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus
MOUNTAIN-GEM, Amethyst-throated, Lampornis amethystinus
Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae
MURRE, Common, Uria aalge
Thick-billed, Uria lomvia
MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus
Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri
Guadalupe, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris
Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix
Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus
Scripps's, Synthliboramphus scrippsi
NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus
NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii
Common, Chordeiles minor
Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis
NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax
Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi
Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus
Rufous, Nycticorax caledonicus
Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea
NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus
Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris
NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Antrostomus ridgwayi
Gray, Caprimulgus jotaka
Puerto Rican, Antrostomus noctitherus
White-tailed, Hydropsalis cayennensis
NODDY, Black, Anous minutus
Blue-gray, Anous ceruleus
Brown, Anous stolidus
NUKUPU'U, Kauai, Hemignathus hanapepe
Maui, Hemignathus affinis
O'ahu, Hemignathus lucidus
NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana
NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla
Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea
Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis
White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis
OLOMA'O, Myadestes lanaiensis
'ŌMA'O, Myadestes obscurus
ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis
Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda
Baltimore, Icterus galbula
Black-backed, Icterus abeillei
Black-vented, Icterus wagleri
Bullock's, Icterus bullockii
Hooded, Icterus cucullatus
Orchard, Icterus spurius
Puerto Rican, Icterus portoricensis
Scott's, Icterus parisorum
Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus
OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus
'Ō'Ū, Psittirostra psittacea
OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla
OWL, Barn, Tyto alba
Barred, Strix varia
Boreal, Aegolius funereus
Burrowing, Athene cunicularia
Elf, Micrathene whitneyi
Flammulated, Psiloscops flammeolus
Great Gray, Strix nebulosa
Great Horned, Bubo virginianus
Long-eared, Asio otus
Mottled, Ciccaba virgata
Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula
Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus
Short-eared, Asio flammeus
Snowy, Bubo scandiacus
Spotted, Strix occidentalis
Stygian, Asio stygius
OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus
Black, Haematopus bachmani
Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus
PALILA, Loxioides bailleui
PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia
PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys
PARULA, Northern, Setophaga americana
Tropical, Setophaga pitiayumi
PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis
PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis
PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow
Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata
Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis
Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca
Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii
Cook's, Pterodroma cookii
Fea's, Pterodroma feae
Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera
Gray-faced, Pterodroma gouldi
Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis
Herald, Pterodroma heraldica
Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax
Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa
Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta
Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata
Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima
Parkinson's, Procellaria parkinsoni
Phoenix, Pterodroma alba
Providence, Pterodroma solandri
Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris
Tahiti, Pseudobulweria rostrata
Trindade, Pterodroma arminjoniana
White-chinned, Procellaria aequinoctialis
White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis
Zino's, Pterodroma madeira
PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus
Greater, Contopus pertinax
Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis
Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris
PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens
PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius
Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus
Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor
PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans
Eastern, Sayornis phoebe
Say's, Sayornis saya
PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata
Plain, Patagioenas inornata
Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris
Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa
White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala
PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta
White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis
PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens
Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni
Pechora, Anthus gustavi
Red-throated, Anthus cervinus
Sprague's, Anthus spragueii
Tree, Anthus trivialis
PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola
Collared, Charadrius collaris
Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula
Kentish, Charadrius alexandrinus
Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius
Mountain, Charadrius montanus
Piping, Charadrius melodus
Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus
Snowy, Charadrius nivosus
Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia
POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri
Common, Aythya ferina
POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus
POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii
PO'OULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma
PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri
PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica
Horned, Fratercula corniculata
Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata
PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum
Northern, Glaucidium gnoma
PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus
QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea
Key West, Geotrygon chrysia
Ruddy, Geotrygon montana
QUETZAL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus
RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis
Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis
Clapper, Rallus crepitans
Guam, Gallirallus owstoni
King, Rallus elegans
Ridgway's, Rallus obsoletus
Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus
Virginia, Rallus limicola
Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis
RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus
Common, Corvus corax
RAZORBILL, Alca torda
REDHEAD, Aythya americana
REDPOLL, Common, Acanthis flammea
Hoary, Acanthis hornemanni
REDSHANK, Common, Tringa totanus
Spotted, Tringa erythropus
REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla
Common, Phoenicurus phoenicurus
Painted, Myioborus pictus
Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus
REDWING, Turdus iliacus
REEF-HERON, Pacific, Egretta sacra
Western, Egretta gularis
ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus
ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius
European, Erithacus rubecula
Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus
Rufous-tailed, Larvivora sibilans
Siberian Blue, Larvivora cyane
ROCK-THRUSH, Blue, Monticola solitarius
ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus
Pallas's, Carpodacus roseus
ROSY-FINCH, Asian, Leucosticte arctoa
Black, Leucosticte atrata
Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis
Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis
RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Calliope calliope
RUFF, Calidris pugnax
SANDERLING, Calidris alba
SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii
Broad-billed, Calidris falcinellus
Buff-breasted, Calidris subruficollis
Common, Actitis hypoleucos
Curlew, Calidris ferruginea
Green, Tringa ochropus
Least, Calidris minutilla
Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis
Pectoral, Calidris melanotos
Purple, Calidris maritima
Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis
Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla
Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata
Solitary, Tringa solitaria
Spoon-billed, Calidris pygmea
Spotted, Actitis macularius
Stilt, Calidris himantopus
Terek, Xenus cinereus
Upland, Bartramia longicauda
Western, Calidris mauri
White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis
Wood, Tringa glareola
SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii
Lesser, Charadrius mongolus
SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber
Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis
Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus
Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius
SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila
Lesser, Aythya affinis
SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia
SCOTER, Black, Melanitta americana
Common, Melanitta nigra
Stejneger's, Melanitta stejnegeri
Surf, Melanitta perspicillata
White-winged, Melanitta deglandi
SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio
Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes
Western, Megascops kennicottii
Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis
SCRUB-JAY, California, Aphelocoma californica
Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens
Island, Aphelocoma insularis
Woodhouse's, Aphelocoma woodhouseii
SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus
SEEDEATER, Morelet's, Sporophila morelleti
SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri
Barolo, Puffinus baroli
Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas
Bryan's, Puffinus bryani
Buller's, Ardenna bulleri
Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii
Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis
Cory's, Calonectris diomedea
Flesh-footed, Ardenna carneipes
Great, Ardenna gravis
Manx, Puffinus puffinus
Newell's, Puffinus newelli
Pink-footed, Ardenna creatopus
Short-tailed, Ardenna tenuirostris
Sooty, Ardenna grisea
Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas
Wedge-tailed, Ardenna pacifica
SHOVELER, Northern, Spatula clypeata
SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus
Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus
Northern, Lanius borealis
SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptiliogonys cinereus
SISKIN, Eurasian, Spinus spinus
Pine, Spinus pinus
SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger
SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua
South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki
SKYLARK, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis
SMEW, Mergellus albellus
SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago
Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus
Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura
Solitary, Gallinago solitaria
Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala
Wilson's, Gallinago delicata
SOLITAIRE, Brown-backed, Myadestes occidentalis
Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi
SORA, Porzana carolina
SPARROW, American Tree, Spizelloides arborea
Bachman's, Peucaea aestivalis
Baird's, Centronyx bairdii
Bell's, Artemisiospiza belli
Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis
Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata
Botteri's, Peucaea botterii
Brewer's, Spizella breweri
Cassin's, Peucaea cassinii
Chipping, Spizella passerina
Clay-colored, Spizella pallida
Field, Spizella pusilla
Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata
Fox, Passerella iliaca
Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla
Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum
Harris's, Zonotrichia querula
Henslow's, Centronyx henslowii
Lark, Chondestes grammacus
LeConte's, Ammospiza leconteii
Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii
Nelson's, Ammospiza nelsoni
Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus
Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps
Rufous-winged, Peucaea carpalis
Sagebrush, Artemisiospiza nevadensis
Saltmarsh, Ammospiza caudacuta
Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis
Seaside, Ammospiza maritima
Song, Melospiza melodia
Swamp, Melospiza georgiana
Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus
White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys
White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis
Worthen's, Spizella wortheni
SPARROWHAWK, Chinese, Accipiter soloensis
Japanese, Accipiter gularis
SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis
Western, Spindalis zena
SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja
STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, Agropsar philippensis
White-cheeked, Spodiopsar cineraceus
STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii
STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus
Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus
STINT, Little, Calidris minuta
Long-toed, Calidris subminuta
Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis
Temminck's, Calidris temminckii
STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus
STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana
STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Hydrobates homochroa
Band-rumped, Hydrobates castro
Black, Hydrobates melania
Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica
European, Hydrobates pelagicus
Fork-tailed, Hydrobates furcatus
Leach's, Hydrobates leucorhous
Least, Hydrobates microsoma
Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae
Polynesian, Nesofregetta fuliginosa
Ringed, Hydrobates hornbyi
Swinhoe's, Hydrobates monorhis
Townsend's, Hydrobates socorroensis
Tristram's, Hydrobates tristrami
Wedge-rumped, Hydrobates tethys
White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria
White-faced, Pelagodroma marina
Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus
SURFBIRD, Calidris virgata
SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis
Bank, Riparia riparia
Barn, Hirundo rustica
Cave, Petrochelidon fulva
Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea
Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Tree, Tachycineta bicolor
Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina
SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio
SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator
Tundra, Cygnus columbianus
Whooper, Cygnus cygnus
SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba
Black, Cypseloides niger
Chimney, Chaetura pelagica
Common, Apus apus
Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus
Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura
Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi
White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris
White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis
SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi
White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius
TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata
Hepatic, Piranga flava
Puerto Rican, Nesospingus speculiferus
Scarlet, Piranga olivacea
Summer, Piranga rubra
Western, Piranga ludoviciana
TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes
Wandering, Tringa incana
TEAL, Baikal, Sibirionetta formosa
Blue-winged, Spatula discors
Cinnamon, Spatula cyanoptera
Green-winged, Anas crecca
TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus
Arctic, Sterna paradisaea
Black, Chlidonias niger
Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana
Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus
Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia
Common, Sterna hirundo
Elegant, Thalasseus elegans
Forster's, Sterna forsteri
Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus
Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii
Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica
Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex
Least, Sternula antillarum
Little, Sternula albifrons
Roseate, Sterna dougallii
Royal, Thalasseus maximus
Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis
Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus
Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida
White, Gygis alba
White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus
THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei
Brown, Toxostoma rufum
California, Toxostoma redivivum
Crissal, Toxostoma crissale
Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre
LeConte's, Toxostoma lecontei
Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre
Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus
Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus
THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola
Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli
Clay-colored, Turdus grayi
Dusky, Turdus naumanni
Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus
Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus
Hermit, Catharus guttatus
Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus
Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus
Varied, Ixoreus naevius
White-throated, Turdus assimilis
Wood, Hylocichla mustelina
TIGER-HERON, Bare-throated, Tigrisoma mexicanum
TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus
Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi
Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi
Oak, Baeolophus inornatus
Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor
TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata
TOWHEE, Abert's, Melozone aberti
California, Melozone crissalis
Canyon, Melozone fusca
Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus
Spotted, Pipilo maculatus
TROGON, Elegant, Trogon elegans
TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus
Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda
White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus
TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala
Ruddy, Arenaria interpres
TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis
VEERY, Catharus fuscescens
VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps
VIOLETEAR, Mexican, Colibri thalassinus
VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii
Black-capped, Vireo atricapilla
Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus
Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius
Cassin's, Vireo cassinii
Cuban, Vireo gundlachii
Gray, Vireo vicinior
Hutton's, Vireo huttoni
Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus
Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus
Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri
Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus
Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris
Warbling, Vireo gilvus
White-eyed, Vireo griseus
Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis
Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons
Yucatan, Vireo magister
VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus
Turkey, Cathartes aura
WAGTAIL, Citrine, Motacilla citreola
Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis
Gray, Motacilla cinerea
White, Motacilla alba
WARBLER, Adelaide's, Setophaga adelaidae
Aguiguan Reed, Acrocephalus nijoi
Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis
Bachman's, Vermivora bachmanii
Bay-breasted, Setophaga castanea
Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia
Blackburnian, Setophaga fusca
Blackpoll, Setophaga striata
Black-throated Blue, Setophaga caerulescens
Black-throated Gray, Setophaga nigrescens
Black-throated Green, Setophaga virens
Blue-winged, Vermivora cyanoptera
Blyth's Reed, Acrocephalus dumetorum
Canada, Cardellina canadensis
Cape May, Setophaga tigrina
Cerulean, Setophaga cerulea
Chestnut-sided, Setophaga pensylvanica
Colima, Leiothlypis crissalis
Connecticut, Oporornis agilis
Crescent-chested, Oreothlypis superciliosa
Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus
Elfin-woods, Setophaga angelae
Fan-tailed, Basileuterus lachrymosus
Golden-cheeked, Setophaga chrysoparia
Golden-crowned, Basileuterus culicivorus
Golden-winged, Vermivora chrysoptera
Grace's, Setophaga graciae
Hermit, Setophaga occidentalis
Hooded, Setophaga citrina
Kamchatka Leaf, Phylloscopus examinandus
Kentucky, Geothlypis formosa
Kirtland's, Setophaga kirtlandii
Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata
Lucy's, Leiothlypis luciae
MacGillivray's, Geothlypis tolmiei
Magnolia, Setophaga magnolia
Mourning, Geothlypis philadelphia
Nashville, Leiothlypis ruficapilla
Nightingale Reed, Acrocephalus luscinius
Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus
Orange-crowned, Leiothlypis celata
Pagan Reed, Acrocephalus yamashinae
Pallas's Leaf, Phylloscopus proregulus
Palm, Setophaga palmarum
Pine, Setophaga pinus
Prairie, Setophaga discolor
Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea
Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons
River , Locustella fluviatilis
Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons
Saipan Reed, Acrocephalus hiwae
Sedge, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Swainson's, Limnothlypis swainsonii
Tennessee, Leiothlypis peregrina
Thick-billed , Arundinax aedon
Townsend's, Setophaga townsendi
Virginia's, Leiothlypis virginiae
Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus
Wilson's, Cardellina pusilla
Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum
Yellow, Setophaga petechia
Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus
Yellow-rumped, Setophaga coronata
Yellow-throated, Setophaga dominica
WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Parkesia motacilla
Northern, Parkesia noveboracensis
WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla garrulus
Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum
WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe oenanthe
Pied, Oenanthe pleschanka
WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus
WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern, Antrostomus vociferus
Mexican, Antrostomus arizonae
WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Dendrocygna autumnalis
Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor
West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea
WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca
WIGEON, American, Mareca americana
Eurasian, Mareca penelope
WILLET, Tringa semipalmata
WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax minor
Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola
WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes formicivorus
American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis
Arizona, Dryobates arizonae
Black-backed, Picoides arcticus
Downy, Dryobates pubescens
Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis
Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons
Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major
Hairy, Dryobates villosus
Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis
Ladder-backed, Dryobates scalaris
Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis
Nuttall's, Dryobates nuttallii
Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus
Puerto Rican, Melanerpes portoricensis
Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus
Red-cockaded, Dryobates borealis
Red-headed, Melanerpes erythrocephalus
White-headed, Dryobates albolarvatus
WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus virens
Western, Contopus sordidulus
WOOD-RAIL, Rufous-necked, Aramides axillaris
WOODSTAR, Bahama, Nesophlox evelynae
WREN, Bewick's, Thryomanes bewickii
Cactus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus
Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus
House, Troglodytes aedon
Marsh, Cistothorus palustris
Pacific, Troglodytes pacificus
Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus
Sedge, Cistothorus platensis
Sinaloa, Thryophilus sinaloa
Winter, Troglodytes hiemalis
WRENTIT, Chamaea fasciata
WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla
YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa melanoleuca
Lesser, Tringa flavipes
YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Geothlypis trichas
Gray-crowned, Geothlypis poliocephala
(2) Taxonomic listing. Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily.
Order ANSERIFORMES
Family ANATIDAE
Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE
Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck
Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Whistling-Duck
Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-Duck
Subfamily ANSERINAE
Anser canagicus, Emperor Goose
Anser caerulescens, Snow Goose
Anser rossii, Ross's Goose
Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Goose
Anser erythropus, Lesser White-fronted Goose
Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose
Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose
Anser brachyrhynchus, Pink-footed Goose
Branta bernicla, Brant
Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose
Branta hutchinsii, Cackling Goose
Branta canadensis, Canada Goose
Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose
Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan
Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan
Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan
Subfamily ANATINAE
Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck
Aix sponsa, Wood Duck
Sibirionetta formosa, Baikal Teal
Spatula querquedula, Garganey
Spatula discors, Blue-winged Teal
Spatula cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal
Spatula clypeata, Northern Shoveler
Mareca strepera, Gadwall
Mareca falcata, Falcated Duck
Mareca penelope, Eurasian Wigeon
Mareca americana, American Wigeon
Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck
Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck
Anas zonorhyncha, Eastern Spot-billed Duck
Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard
Anas rubripes, American Black Duck
Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck
Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck
Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Pintail
Anas acuta, Northern Pintail
Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal
Aythya valisineria, Canvasback
Aythya americana, Redhead
Aythya ferina, Common Pochard
Aythya baeri, Baer's Pochard
Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck
Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck
Aythya marila, Greater Scaup
Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup
Polysticta stelleri, Steller's Eider
Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider
Somateria spectabilis, King Eider
Somateria mollissima, Common Eider
Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck
Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter
Melanitta deglandi, White-winged Scoter
Melanitta stejnegeri, Stejneger's Scoter
Melanitta nigra, Common Scoter
Melanitta americana, Black Scoter
Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck
Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead
Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneye
Bucephala islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye
Mergellus albellus, Smew
Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Merganser
Mergus merganser, Common Merganser
Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Merganser
Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck
Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck
Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES
Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE
Phoenicopterus ruber, American Flamingo
Order PODICIPEDIFORMES
Family PODICIPEDIDAE
Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe
Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Grebe
Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe
Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe
Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe
Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe
Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark's Grebe
Order COLUMBIFORMES
Family COLUMBIDAE
Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Pigeon
Patagioenas leucocephala, White-crowned Pigeon
Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Pigeon
Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon
Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Pigeon
Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Turtle-Dove
Alopecoenas xanthonurus, White-throated Ground-Dove
Alopecoenas stairi, Shy Ground-Dove
Columbina inca, Inca Dove
Columbina passerina, Common Ground Dove
Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground Dove
Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail-Dove
Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail-Dove
Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail-Dove
Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Dove
Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove
Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove
Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove
Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Fruit-Dove
Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove
Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit-Dove
Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial-Pigeon
Order CUCULIFORMES
Family CUCULIDAE
Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE
Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani
Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani
Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE
Geococcyx californianus, Greater Roadrunner
Subfamily CUCULINAE
Urodynamis taitensis, Long-tailed Koel
Hierococcyx nisicolor, Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo
Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo
Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo
Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo
Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo
Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE
Subfamily CHORDEILINAE
Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Nighthawk
Chordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk
Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Nighthawk
Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE
Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Pauraque
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Poorwill
Antrostomus carolinensis, Chuck-will's-widow
Antrostomus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Nightjar
Antrostomus vociferus, Eastern Whip-poor-will
Antrostomus arizonae, Mexican Whip-poor-will
Antrostomus noctitherus, Puerto Rican Nightjar
Hydropsalis cayennensis, White-tailed Nightjar
Caprimulgus jotaka, Gray Nightjar
Order APODIFORMES
Family APODIDAE
Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE
Cypseloides niger, Black Swift
Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Swift
Subfamily CHAETURINAE
Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift
Chaetura vauxi, Vaux's Swift
Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Swift
Hirundapus caudacutus, White-throated Needletail
Aerodramus spodiopygius, White-rumped Swiftlet
Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Swiftlet
Subfamily APODINAE
Apus apus, Common Swift
Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift
Apus melba, Alpine Swift
Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Swift
Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Palm-Swift
Family TROCHILIDAE
Subfamily TROCHILINAE
Colibri thalassinus, Mexican Violetear
Anthracothorax prevostii, Green-breasted Mango
Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Mango
Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango
Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Carib
Eulampis holosericeus, Green-throated Carib
Eugenes fulgens, Rivoli's Hummingbird
Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Starthroat
Lampornis amethystinus, Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem
Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Mountain-gem
Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird
Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird
Mellisuga minima, Vervain Hummingbird
Nesophlox evelynae, Bahama Woodstar
Calypte anna, Anna's Hummingbird
Calypte costae, Costa's Hummingbird
Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Hummingbird
Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird
Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Hummingbird
Selasphorus sasin, Allen's Hummingbird
Selasphorus calliope, Calliope Hummingbird
Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Emerald
Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Hummingbird
Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean Crested Hummingbird
Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Hummingbird
Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Hummingbird
Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Hummingbird
Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Hummingbird
Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared Hummingbird
Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus's Hummingbird
Order GRUIFORMES
Family RALLIDAE
Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Rail
Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail
Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Rail
Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail
Crex crex, Corn Crake
Rallus obsoletus, Ridgway's Rail
Rallus crepitans, Clapper Rail
Rallus elegans, King Rail
Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail
Aramides axillaris, Rufous-necked Wood-Rail
Porzana carolina, Sora
Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake
Hapalocrex flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Crake
Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake
Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail
Porphyrio martinicus, Purple Gallinule
Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule
Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Swamphen
Gallinula galeata, Common Gallinule
Gallinula chloropus, Common Moorhen
Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot
Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot
Fulica americana, American Coot
Family ARAMIDAE
Aramus guarauna, Limpkin
Family GRUIDAE
Subfamily GRUINAE
Antigone canadensis, Sandhill Crane
Grus grus, Common Crane
Grus americana, Whooping Crane
Order CHARADRIIFORMES
Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Himantopus himantopus, Black-winged Stilt
Himantopus mexicanus, Black-necked Stilt
Recurvirostra americana, American Avocet
Family HAEMATOPODIDAE
Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Oystercatcher
Haematopus palliatus, American Oystercatcher
Haematopus bachmani, Black Oystercatcher
Family CHARADRIIDAE
Subfamily VANELLINAE
Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing
Subfamily CHARADRIINAE
Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Plover
Pluvialis apricaria, European Golden-Plover
Pluvialis dominica, American Golden-Plover
Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover
Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Dotterel
Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer
Charadrius hiaticula, Common Ringed Plover
Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover
Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover
Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Plover
Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand-Plover
Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Sand-Plover
Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson's Plover
Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover
Charadrius montanus, Mountain Plover
Charadrius alexandrinus, Kentish Plover
Charadrius nivosus, Snowy Plover
Family JACANIDAE
Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana
Family SCOLOPACIDAE
Subfamily NUMENIINAE
Bartramia longicauda, Upland Sandpiper
Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Curlew
Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel
Numenius minutus, Little Curlew
Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew
Numenius americanus, Long-billed Curlew
Numenius madagascariensis, Far Eastern Curlew
Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew
Subfamily LIMOSINAE
Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit
Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit
Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Godwit
Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit
Subfamily ARENARIINAE
Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone
Arenaria melanocephala, Black Turnstone
Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot
Calidris canutus, Red Knot
Calidris virgata, Surfbird
Calidris pugnax, Ruff
Calidris falcinellus, Broad-billed Sandpiper
Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper
Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper
Calidris temminckii, Temminck's Stint
Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint
Calidris pygmea, Spoon-billed Sandpiper
Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint
Calidris alba, Sanderling
Calidris alpina, Dunlin
Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper
Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper
Calidris bairdii, Baird's Sandpiper
Calidris minuta, Little Stint
Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper
Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper
Calidris subruficollis, Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Sandpiper
Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Sandpiper
Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper
Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE
Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Dowitcher
Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher
Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe
Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Woodcock
Scolopax minor, American Woodcock
Gallinago solitaria, Solitary Snipe
Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe
Gallinago megala, Swinhoe's Snipe
Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe
Gallinago delicata, Wilson's Snipe
Subfamily TRINGINAE
Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper
Actitis hypoleucos, Common Sandpiper
Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper
Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper
Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper
Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler
Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler
Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs
Tringa semipalmata, Willet
Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank
Tringa nebularia, Common Greenshank
Tringa guttifer, Nordmann's Greenshank
Tringa melanoleuca, Greater Yellowlegs
Tringa totanus, Common Redshank
Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper
Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper
Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson's Phalarope
Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Phalarope
Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope
Family STERCORARIIDAE
Stercorarius skua, Great Skua
Stercorarius maccormicki, South Polar Skua
Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Jaeger
Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Jaeger
Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Jaeger
Family ALCIDAE
Alle alle, Dovekie
Uria aalge, Common Murre
Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre
Alca torda, Razorbill
Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot
Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot
Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed Murrelet
Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet
Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz's Murrelet
Synthliboramphus scrippsi, Scripps's Murrelet
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Guadalupe Murrelet
Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri's Murrelet
Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Murrelet
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin's Auklet
Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet
Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet
Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet
Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet
Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Auklet
Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin
Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin
Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin
Family LARIDAE
Subfamily LARINAE
Creagrus furcatus, Swallow-tailed Gull
Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Kittiwake
Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Kittiwake
Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull
Xema sabini, Sabine's Gull
Chroicocephalus philadelphia, Bonaparte's Gull
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Gull
Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull
Hydrocoloeus minutus, Little Gull
Rhodostethia rosea, Ross's Gull
Leucophaeus atricilla, Laughing Gull
Leucophaeus pipixcan, Franklin's Gull
Larus belcheri, Belcher's Gull
Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull
Larus heermanni, Heermann's Gull
Larus canus, Mew Gull
Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull
Larus occidentalis, Western Gull
Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull
Larus californicus, California Gull
Larus argentatus, Herring Gull
Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull
Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull
Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull
Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull
Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull
Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull
Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Gull
Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull
Subfamily STERNINAE
Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy
Anous minutus, Black Noddy
Anous ceruleus, Blue-gray Noddy
Gygis alba, White Tern
Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern
Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Tern
Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Tern
Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern
Sternula albifrons, Little Tern
Sternula antillarum, Least Tern
Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern
Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Tern
Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern
Chlidonias niger, Black Tern
Chlidonias leucopterus, White-winged Tern
Chlidonias hybrida, Whiskered Tern
Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern
Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern
Sterna hirundo, Common Tern
Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern
Sterna forsteri, Forster's Tern
Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern
Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern
Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Tern
Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern
Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE
Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer
Order PHAETHONTIFORMES
Family PHAETHONTIDAE
Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Tropicbird
Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Tropicbird
Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird
Order GAVIIFORMES
Family GAVIIDAE
Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon
Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon
Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon
Gavia immer, Common Loon
Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon
Order PROCELLARIIFORMES
Family DIOMEDEIDAE
Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Yellow-nosed Albatross
Thalassarche cauta, White-capped Albatross
Thalassarche eremita, Chatham Albatross
Thalassarche salvini, Salvin's Albatross
Thalassarche melanophris, Black-browed Albatross
Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled Albatross
Diomedea exulans, Wandering Albatross
Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Albatross
Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Albatross
Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Albatross
Family OCEANITIDAE
Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson's Storm-Petrel
Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Storm-Petrel
Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm-Petrel
Family HYDROBATIDAE
Hydrobates pelagicus, European Storm-Petrel
Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Storm-Petrel
Nesofregetta fuliginosa, Polynesian Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates furcatus, Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates hornbyi, Ringed Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates monorhis, Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates leucorhous, Leach's Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates socorroensis, Townsend's Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates homochroa, Ashy Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates castro, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates tethys, Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel
Oceanodroma matsudairae, Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates melania, Black Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates tristrami, Tristram's Storm-Petrel
Hydrobates microsoma, Least Storm-Petrel
Family PROCELLARIIDAE
Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar
Pterodroma gouldi, Gray-faced Petrel
Pterodroma solandri, Providence Petrel
Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel
Pterodroma arminjoniana, Trindade Petrel
Pterodroma heraldica, Herald Petrel
Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's Petrel
Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Petrel
Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel
Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped Petrel
Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez Petrel
Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian Petrel
Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Petrel
Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel
Pterodroma nigripennis, Black-winged Petrel
Pterodroma feae, Fea's Petrel
Pterodroma madeira, Zino's Petrel
Pterodroma cookii, Cook's Petrel
Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger's Petrel
Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel
Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould's Petrel
Pseudobulweria rostrata, Tahiti Petrel
Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's Petrel
Bulweria fallax, Jouanin's Petrel
Procellaria aequinoctialis, White-chinned Petrel
Procellaria parkinsoni, Parkinson's Petrel
Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Shearwater
Calonectris diomedea, Cory's Shearwater
Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Shearwater
Ardenna pacifica, Wedge-tailed Shearwater
Ardenna bulleri, Buller's Shearwater
Ardenna tenuirostris, Short-tailed Shearwater
Ardenna grisea, Sooty Shearwater
Ardenna gravis, Great Shearwater
Ardenna creatopus, Pink-footed Shearwater
Ardenna carneipes, Flesh-footed Shearwater
Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Shearwater
Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater
Puffinus newelli, Newell's Shearwater
Puffinus bryani, Bryan's Shearwater
Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Shearwater
Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's Shearwater
Puffinus baroli, Barolo Shearwater
Order CICONIIFORMES
Family CICONIIDAE
Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru
Mycteria americana, Wood Stork
Order SULIFORMES
Family FREGATIDAE
Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird
Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Frigatebird
Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird
Family SULIDAE
Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby
Sula granti, Nazca Booby
Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby
Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby
Sula sula, Red-footed Booby
Papasula abbotti, Abbott's Booby
Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet
Family PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Pied Cormorant
Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt's Cormorant
Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant
Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant
Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Cormorant
Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Cormorant
Family ANHINGIDAE
Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga
Order PELECANIFORMES
Family PELECANIDAE
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American White Pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Pelican
Family ARDEIDAE
Botaurus lentiginosus, American Bittern
Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern
Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern
Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck's Bittern
Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern
Tigrisoma mexicanum, Bare-throated Tiger-Heron
Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron
Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron
Ardea alba, Great Egret
Ardea intermedia, Intermediate Egret
Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret
Egretta garzetta, Little Egret
Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Heron
Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron
Egretta thula, Snowy Egret
Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron
Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron
Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret
Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret
Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond-Heron
Butorides virescens, Green Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Night-Heron
Nycticorax caledonicus, Rufous Night-Heron
Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron
Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night-Heron
Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Night-Heron
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE
Eudocimus albus, White Ibis
Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis
Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis
Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis
Subfamily PLATALEINAE
Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill
Order CARTHARTIFORMES
Family CATHARTIDAE
Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture
Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture
Gymnogyps californianus, California Condor
Order ACCIPITRIFORMES
Family PANDIONIDAE
Pandion haliaetus, Osprey
Family ACCIPITRIDAE
Subfamily ELANINAE
Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite
Subfamily GYPAETINAE
Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook-billed Kite
Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Kite
Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE
Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle
Harpagus bidentatus, Double-toothed Kite
Circus spilonotus, Eastern Marsh-Harrier
Circus hudsonius, Northern Harrier
Accipiter soloensis, Chinese Sparrowhawk
Accipiter gularis, Japanese Sparrowhawk
Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk
Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk
Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk
Milvus migrans, Black Kite
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle
Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Eagle
Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller's Sea-Eagle
Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Kite
Butastur indicus, Gray-faced Buzzard
Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Hawk
Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite
Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black Hawk
Buteogallus urubitinga, Great Black Hawk
Rupornis magnirostris, Roadside Hawk
Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris's Hawk
Geranoaetus albicaudatus, White-tailed Hawk
Buteo plagiatus, Gray Hawk
Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk
Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Hawk
Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk
Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk
Buteo swainsoni, Swainson's Hawk
Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk
Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk
Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk
Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk
Order STRIGIFORMES
Family TYTONIDAE
Tyto alba, Barn Owl
Family STRIGIDAE
Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl
Psiloscops flammeolus, Flammulated Owl
Megascops kennicottii, Western Screech-Owl
Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl
Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Screech-Owl
Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Screech-Owl
Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl
Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl
Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl
Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy-Owl
Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl
Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl
Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl
Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl
Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl
Strix varia, Barred Owl
Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl
Asio otus, Long-eared Owl
Asio stygius, Stygian Owl
Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl
Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl
Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw-whet Owl
Ninox japonica, Northern Boobook
Order TROGONIFORMES
Family TROGONIDAE
Subfamily TROGONINAE
Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon
Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzal
Order UPUPIFORMES
Family UPUPIDAE
Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe
Order CORACIIFORMES
Family ALCEDINIDAE
Subfamily ALCEDININAE
Alcedo atthis, Common Kingfisher
Subfamily HALCYONINAE
Todiramphus sacer, Pacific Kingfisher
Todiramphus cinnamominus, Guam Kingfisher
Todiramphus albicilla, Mariana Kingfisher
Subfamily CERYLINAE
Megaceryle torquata, Ringed Kingfisher
Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher
Chloroceryle amazona, Amazon Kingfisher
Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher
Order PICIFORMES
Family PICIDAE
Subfamily JYNGINAE
Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck
Subfamily PICINAE
Melanerpes lewis, Lewis's Woodpecker
Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Rican Woodpecker
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker
Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker
Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker
Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker
Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker
Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson's Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker
Picoides dorsalis, American Three-toed Woodpecker
Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Woodpecker
Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Woodpecker
Dryobates pubescens, Downy Woodpecker
Dryobates nuttallii, Nuttall's Woodpecker
Dryobates scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker
Dryobates borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker
Dryobates villosus, Hairy Woodpecker
Dryobates albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker
Dryobates arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker
Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker
Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker
Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker
Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Woodpecker
Order FALCONIFORMES
Family FALCONIDAE
Subfamily HERPETOTHERINAE
Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Forest-Falcon
Subfamily FALCONINAE
Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara
Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel
Falco sparverius, American Kestrel
Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon
Falco amurensis, Amur Falcon
Falco columbarius, Merlin
Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby
Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon
Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon
Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon
Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon
Order PASSERIFORMES
Family TITYRIDAE
Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra
Pachyramphus major, Gray-collared Becard
Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Becard
Family TYRANNIDAE
Subfamily ELAENIINAE
Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Elaenia
Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia
Elaenia albiceps, White-crested Elaenia
Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE
Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Flycatcher
Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Flycatcher
Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee
Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood-Pewee
Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee
Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee
Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan Pewee
Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Pewee
Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher
Empidonax virescens, Acadian Flycatcher
Empidonax alnorum, Alder Flycatcher
Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher
Empidonax minimus, Least Flycatcher
Empidonax hammondii, Hammond's Flycatcher
Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher
Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Flycatcher
Empidonax affinis, Pine Flycatcher
Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Flycatcher
Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Flycatcher
Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Flycatcher
Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe
Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe
Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe
Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher
Subfamily TYRANNINAE
Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Flycatcher
Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher
Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting's Flycatcher
Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Flycatcher
Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Flycatcher
Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra's Flycatcher
Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Flycatcher
Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee
Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher
Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher
Legatus leucophaius, Piratic Flycatcher
Empidonomus varius, Variegated Flycatcher
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus, Crowned Slaty Flycatcher
Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird
Tyrannus couchii, Couch's Kingbird
Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird
Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed Kingbird
Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird
Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird
Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Kingbird
Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead Kingbird
Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Flycatcher
Family LANIIDAE
Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike
Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike
Lanius borealis, Northern Shrike
Family VIREONIDAE
Vireo atricapilla, Black-capped Vireo
Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo
Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo
Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo
Vireo gundlachii, Cuban Vireo
Vireo bellii, Bell's Vireo
Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo
Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo
Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo
Vireo cassinii, Cassin's Vireo
Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo
Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo
Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo
Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo
Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo
Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo
Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Vireo
Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo
Family CORVIDAE
Perisoreus canadensis, Canada Jay
Psilorhinus morio, Brown Jay
Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Jay
Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay
Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay
Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma californica, California Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma woodhouseii, Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay
Aphelocoma wollweberi, Mexican Jay
Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker
Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie
Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie
Corvus monedula, Eurasian Jackdaw
Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow
Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Crow
Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow
Corvus leucognaphalus, White-necked Crow
Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow
Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow
Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow
Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Raven
Corvus corax, Common Raven
Family ALAUDIDAE
Alauda arvensis, Eurasian Skylark
Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark
Family HIRUNDINIDAE
Subfamily HIRUNDININAE
Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow
Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Swallow
Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Swallow
Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Swallow
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Rough-winged Swallow
Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin
Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Martin
Progne subis, Purple Martin
Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin
Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Martin
Progne elegans, Southern Martin
Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow
Delichon urbicum, Common House-Martin
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Swallow
Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow
Family PARIDAE
Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee
Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Chickadee
Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee
Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee
Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Chickadee
Poecile hudsonicus, Boreal Chickadee
Poecile cinctus, Gray-headed Chickadee
Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Titmouse
Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse
Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Titmouse
Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse
Baeolophus atricristatus, Black-crested Titmouse
Family REMIZIDAE
Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin
Family AEGITHALIDAE
Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit
Family SITTIDAE
Subfamily SITTINAE
Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Nuthatch
Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch
Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch
Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch
Family CERTHIIDAE
Subfamily CERTHIINAE
Certhia americana, Brown Creeper
Family TROGLODYTIDAE
Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren
Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren
Troglodytes aedon, House Wren
Troglodytes pacificus, Pacific Wren
Troglodytes hiemalis, Winter Wren
Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren
Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren
Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren
Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick's Wren
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Cactus Wren
Thryophilus sinaloa, Sinaloa Wren
Family POLIOPTILIDAE
Polioptila caerulea, Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher
Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher
Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher
Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher
Family CINCLIDAE
Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper
Family REGULIDAE
Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet
Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE
Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler
Phylloscopus collybita, Common Chiffchaff
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood Warbler
Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler
Phylloscopus proregulus, Pallas's Leaf Warbler
Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellow-browed Warbler
Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler
Phylloscopus examinandus, Kamchatka Leaf Warbler
Family SYLVIIDAE
Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat
Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit
Family ACROCEPHALIDAE
Arundinax aedon, Thick-billed Warbler
Acrocephalus luscinius, Nightingale Reed Warbler
Acrocephalus hiwae, Saipan Reed Warbler
Acrocephalus nijoi, Aguiguan Reed Warbler
Acrocephalus yamashinae, Pagan Reed Warbler
Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sedge Warbler
Acrocephalus dumetorum, Blyth's Reed Warbler
Family LOCUSTELLIDAE
Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler
Locustella fluviatilis, River Warbler
Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated Warbler
Family MUSCICAPIDAE
Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Flycatcher
Muscicapa dauurica, Asian Brown Flycatcher
Muscicapa striata, Spotted Flycatcher
Muscicapa sibirica, Dark-sided Flycatcher
Erithacus rubecula, European Robin
Larvivora cyane, Siberian Blue Robin
Larvivora sibilans, Rufous-tailed Robin
Cyanecula svecica, Bluethroat
Calliope calliope, Siberian Rubythroat
Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Bluetail
Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus Flycatcher
Ficedula mugimaki, Mugimaki Flycatcher
Ficedula albicilla, Taiga Flycatcher
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Common Redstart
Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat
Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Wheatear
Oenanthe pleschanka, Pied Wheatear
Family TURDIDAE
Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock-Thrush
Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird
Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird
Sialia currucoides, Mountain Bluebird
Myadestes townsendi, Townsend's Solitaire
Myadestes occidentalis, Brown-backed Solitaire
Myadestes myadestinus, Kāma'o
Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao
Myadestes obscurus, Ōma'o
Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi
Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush
Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush
Catharus fuscescens, Veery
Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush
Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell's Thrush
Catharus ustulatus, Swainson's Thrush
Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush
Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush
Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush
Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush
Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare
Turdus iliacus, Redwing
Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Thrush
Turdus assimilis, White-throated Thrush
Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Robin
Turdus migratorius, American Robin
Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush
Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush
Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush
Family MIMIDAE
Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Mockingbird
Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Catbird
Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird
Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Thrasher
Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Thrasher
Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher
Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Thrasher
Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher
Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher
Toxostoma lecontei, LeConte's Thrasher
Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher
Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher
Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Mockingbird
Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird
Family STURNIDAE
Agropsar philippensis, Chestnut-cheeked Starling
Spodiopsar cineraceus, White-cheeked Starling
Family BOMBYCILLIDAE
Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Waxwing
Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Waxwing
Family PTILIOGONATIDAE
Ptiliogonys cinereus, Gray Silky-flycatcher
Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla
Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE
Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler
Family PRUNELLIDAE
Prunella montanella, Siberian Accentor
Family MOTACILLIDAE
Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Yellow Wagtail
Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail
Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail
Motacilla alba, White Wagtail
Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit
Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit
Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit
Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit
Anthus rubescens, American Pipit
Anthus spragueii, Sprague's Pipit
Family FRINGILLIDAE
Subfamily FRINGILLINAE
Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch
Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling
Subfamily EUPHONIINAE
Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia
Subfamily CARDUELINAE
Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Grosbeak
Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Hawfinch
Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Rosefinch
Carpodacus roseus, Pallas's Rosefinch
Melamprosops phaeosoma, Po'ouli
Oreomystis bairdi, 'Akikiki
Paroreomyza maculata, O'ahu 'Alauahio
Paroreomyza flammea, Kākāwahie
Paroreomyza montana, Maui 'Alauahio
Loxioides bailleui, Palila
Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch
Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch
Palmeria dolei, 'Akohekohe
Himatione fraithii, Laysan Honeycreeper
Himatione sanguinea, 'Apapane
Drepanis coccinea, 'I'iwi
Psittirostra psittacea, 'Ō'ū
Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui Parrotbill
Hemignathus hanapepe, Kauai Nukupu'u
Hemignathus lucidus, O'ahu Nukupu'u
Hemignathus affinis, Maui Nukupu'u
Hemignathus wilsoni, 'Akiapola'au
Akialoa stejnegeri, Kauai 'Akialoa
Akialoa ellisiana, O'ahu 'Akialoa
Akialoa lanaiensis, Maui Nui 'Akialoa
Magumma parva, 'Anianiau
Chlorodrepanis virens, Hawaii 'Amakihi
Chlorodrepanis flava, O'ahu 'Amakihi
Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri, Kauai 'Amakihi
Loxops mana, Hawaii Creeper
Loxops caeruleirostris, 'Akeke'e
Loxops wolstenholmei, O'ahu 'Akepa
Loxops ochraceus, Maui 'Akepa
Loxops coccineus, Hawaii 'Akepa
Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak
Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch
Leucosticte arctoa, Asian Rosy-Finch
Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch
Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch
Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Rosy-Finch
Haemorhous mexicanus, House Finch
Haemorhous purpureus, Purple Finch
Haemorhous cassinii, Cassin's Finch
Chloris sinica, Oriental Greenfinch
Acanthis flammea, Common Redpoll
Acanthis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll
Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill
Loxia sinesciuris, Cassia Crossbill
Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill
Spinus spinus, Eurasian Siskin
Spinus pinus, Pine Siskin
Spinus psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch
Spinus lawrencei, Lawrence's Goldfinch
Spinus tristis, American Goldfinch
Family CALCARIIDAE
Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Longspur
Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Longspur
Calcarius pictus, Smith's Longspur
Rhynchophanes mccownii, McCown's Longspur
Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting
Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay's Bunting
Family EMBERIZIDAE
Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Bunting
Emberiza chrysophrys, Yellow-browed Bunting
Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting
Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting
Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Bunting
Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Bunting
Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting
Emberiza pallasi, Pallas's Bunting
Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting
Family PASSERELLIDAE
Peucaea carpalis, Rufous-winged Sparrow
Peucaea botterii, Botteri's Sparrow
Peucaea cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow
Peucaea aestivalis, Bachman's Sparrow
Ammodramus savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow
Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Sparrow
Amphispiza quinquestriata, Five-striped Sparrow
Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow
Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow
Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting
Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow
Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Sparrow
Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow
Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow
Spizella breweri, Brewer's Sparrow
Spizella wortheni, Worthen's Sparrow
Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow
Spizelloides arborea, American Tree Sparrow
Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco
Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco
Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow
Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden-crowned Sparrow
Zonotrichia querula, Harris's Sparrow
Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sparrow
Artemisiospiza nevadensis, Sagebrush Sparrow
Artemisiospiza belli, Bell's Sparrow
Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow
Ammospiza leconteii, LeConte's Sparrow
Ammospiza maritima, Seaside Sparrow
Ammospiza nelsoni, Nelson's Sparrow
Ammospiza caudacuta, Saltmarsh Sparrow
Centronyx bairdii, Baird's Sparrow
Centronyx henslowii, Henslow's Sparrow
Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow
Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow
Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow
Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow
Melozone fusca, Canyon Towhee
Melozone aberti, Abert's Towhee
Melozone crissalis, California Towhee
Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow
Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee
Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Towhee
Family NESOSPINGIDAE
Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Tanager
Family SPINDALIDAE
Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis
Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Spindalis
Family ICTERIIDAE
Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat
Family ICTERIDAE
Subfamily XANTHOCEPHALINAE
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird
Subfamily DOLICHONYCHINAE
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink
Subfamily STURNELLINAE
Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark
Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadowlark
Subfamily ICTERINAE
Icterus portoricensis, Puerto Rican Oriole
Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole
Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole
Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole
Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Oriole
Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole
Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole
Icterus graduacauda, Audubon's Oriole
Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole
Icterus abeillei, Black-backed Oriole
Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole
Subfamily AGELAIINAE
Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird
Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Blackbird
Agelaius humeralis, Tawny-shouldered Blackbird
Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow-shouldered Blackbird
Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Cowbird
Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird
Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Cowbird
Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird
Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer's Blackbird
Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle
Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle
Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Grackle
Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Grackle
Family PARULIDAE
Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird
Helmitheros vermivorum, Worm-eating Warbler
Parkesia motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush
Parkesia noveboracensis, Northern Waterthrush
Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman's Warbler
Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden-winged Warbler
Vermivora cyanoptera, Blue-winged Warbler
Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Warbler
Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler
Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson's Warbler
Oreothlypis superciliosa, Crescent-chested Warbler
Leiothlypis peregrina, Tennessee Warbler
Leiothlypis celata, Orange-crowned Warbler
Leiothlypis crissalis, Colima Warbler
Leiothlypis luciae, Lucy's Warbler
Leiothlypis ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler
Leiothlypis virginiae, Virginia's Warbler
Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler
Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray-crowned Yellowthroat
Geothlypis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler
Geothlypis philadelphia, Mourning Warbler
Geothlypis formosa, Kentucky Warbler
Geothlypis trichas, Common Yellowthroat
Setophaga angelae, Elfin-woods Warbler
Setophaga citrina, Hooded Warbler
Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart
Setophaga kirtlandii, Kirtland's Warbler
Setophaga tigrina, Cape May Warbler
Setophaga cerulea, Cerulean Warbler
Setophaga americana, Northern Parula
Setophaga pitiayumi, Tropical Parula
Setophaga magnolia, Magnolia Warbler
Setophaga castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler
Setophaga fusca, Blackburnian Warbler
Setophaga petechia, Yellow Warbler
Setophaga pensylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler
Setophaga striata, Blackpoll Warbler
Setophaga caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler
Setophaga palmarum, Palm Warbler
Setophaga pinus, Pine Warbler
Setophaga coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler
Setophaga dominica, Yellow-throated Warbler
Setophaga discolor, Prairie Warbler
Setophaga adelaidae, Adelaide's Warbler
Setophaga graciae, Grace's Warbler
Setophaga nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler
Setophaga townsendi, Townsend's Warbler
Setophaga occidentalis, Hermit Warbler
Setophaga chrysoparia, Golden-cheeked Warbler
Setophaga virens, Black-throated Green Warbler
Basileuterus lachrymosus, Fan-tailed Warbler
Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Warbler
Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden-crowned Warbler
Cardellina canadensis, Canada Warbler
Cardellina pusilla, Wilson's Warbler
Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler
Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart
Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Redstart
Family CARDINALIDAE
Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager
Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager
Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager
Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager
Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager
Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson-collared Grosbeak
Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Cardinal
Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia
Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Grosbeak
Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak
Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting
Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak
Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting
Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting
Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting
Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting
Spiza americana, Dickcissel
Family THRAUPIDAE
Subfamily DACNINAE
Cyanerpes cyaneus, Red-legged Honeycreeper
Subfamily COEREBINAE
Coereba flaveola, Bananaquit
Tiaris olivaceus, Yellow-faced Grassquit
Melanospiza bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit
Melopyrrha portoricensis, Puerto Rican Bullfinch
Subfamily SPOROPHILINAE
Sporophila morelleti, Morelet's Seedeater
George Wallace,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2020-06779 Filed 4-15-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P
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