AGENCY:

Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

The Securities and Exchange Commission is adopting rule and form amendments intended to help investors make informed investment decisions regarding variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts. The amendments modernize disclosures by using a layered disclosure approach designed to provide investors with key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks in a concise and more reader-friendly presentation, with access to more detailed information available online and electronically or in paper format on request. New rule 498A under the Securities Act of 1933 will permit a person to satisfy its prospectus delivery obligations under the Securities Act for a variable annuity or variable life insurance contract by sending or giving a summary prospectus to investors and making the statutory prospectus available online. The rule also will consider a person to have met its prospectus delivery obligations for any portfolio companies associated with a variable annuity or variable life insurance contract if the portfolio company prospectuses are posted online. To implement the new disclosure framework, we are also amending the registration forms for variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts to update and enhance the disclosures to investors in these contracts, and to implement the proposed summary prospectus framework, and adopting amendments to our rules that will require variable contracts to use the Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (“Inline XBRL”) format for the submission of certain required disclosures in the variable contract statutory prospectus. The Commission is also taking the position that if an issuer of a discontinued contract that is discontinued as of July 1, 2020 that provides alternative disclosures does not file post-effective amendments to update a variable contract registration statement and does not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors, this would not provide a basis for enforcement action so long as investors are provided with the alternative disclosures or modernized alternative disclosures described below. We are also adopting certain technical and conforming amendments to our rules and forms, including amendments to rules relating to variable life insurance contracts, and rescinding certain related rules and forms.

DATES:

Effective dates: This rule is effective July 1, 2020, except:

• Amendatory instructions 12, 46, 48, and 50 to 17 CFR 230.498A, Form N-3 (referenced in 17 CFR 239.17a and 274.11b), Form N-4 (referenced in 17 CFR 239.17b and 274.11c), and Form N-6 (referenced in 17 CFR 239.17c and 274.11d), which are effective January 1, 2022; and
• Effective July 1, 2020, amendatory instructions 20, 22, and 24 to Form N-3 (referenced in 17 CFR 239.17a and 274.11b), Form N-4 (referenced in 17 CFR 239.17b and 274.11c), and Form N-6 (referenced in 17 CFR 239.17c and 274.11d), published June 22, 2018, at 83 FR 29158, with an effective date of January 1, 2022, are withdrawn.

Compliance dates: See Section II.G.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Daniel K. Chang, Pamela K. Ellis, Bradley Gude, James Maclean, Amy Miller (Senior Counsels) or Michael C. Pawluk (Senior Special Counsel), Investment Company Regulation Office, at (202) 551-6792; or Harry Eisenstein or Michael Kosoff (Senior Special Counsels), Disclosure Review and Accounting Office, at (202) 551-6921, Division of Investment Management, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549-8549.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

The Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission”) is adopting 17 CFR 230.498A (new rule 498A) under the Securities Act. The Commission is also adopting amendments to the following rules:

Finally, the Commission is rescinding:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction

A. Background

B. Overview of Final Rule and Rule and Form Amendments

II. Discussion

A. New Option to Use a Summary Prospectus for Variable Contracts

1. Initial Summary Prospectus

2. Updating Summary Prospectus

3. Interim Amendments to Contract Statutory Prospectuses

4. Legal Effect of Use of Summary Prospectus for Variable Contracts

5. Online Accessibility of Contract Statutory Prospectus and Certain Other Documents Relating to the Contract

6. Other Requirements for Summary Prospectus and Other Contract Documents

7. Incorporation by Reference

8. Filing Requirements for the Summary Prospectus

9. Defined Terms in Final Rule

B. Optional Method To Satisfy Portfolio Company Prospectus Delivery Requirements

1. Current Delivery Practices for Portfolio Company Prospectuses

2. New Option To Satisfy Prospectus Delivery Requirements

C. Amendments to Registration Forms

1. General Instructions

2. Part A (Information Required in a Prospectus)

3. Part B (Information Required in a Statement of Additional Information)

4. Part C (Other Information)

5. Guidelines

D. Inline XBRL

E. Discontinued Variable Contracts

1. Background

2. Comments Received on Proposal

3. Commission Position on Existing Contracts Whose Issuers Provide Alternative Disclosures to Investors

4. Commission Declines To Adopt Going-Forward Relief

F. Technical and Conforming Amendments to Other Aspects of the Regulatory Framework for Variable Contracts

G. Compliance Dates

III. Other Matters

IV. Economic Analysis

A. Introduction

B. Economic Baseline

1. Overview of Variable Products Market

2. Statutory and Regulatory Disclosure Requirements

C. Benefits and Costs of the Rule and Form Amendments

1. Optional Summary Prospectus Regime

2. Treatment of Discontinued Variable Contracts

3. Changes to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6

4. Inline XBRL

D. Effects on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital Formation

E. Reasonable Alternatives

1. Mandating Summary Prospectuses

2. Summary Prospectuses Delivered with Statutory Prospectuses

3. Contract-Specific Updating Summary Prospectuses

4. Do Not Provide Updating Summary Prospectuses

5. Inline XBRL

6. Alternatives to Form N-3, N-4, and N-6 Amendments

7. Requiring All Variable Contracts (Including Currently Discontinued Contracts) To Prepare Updated Registration Statements and Deliver Statutory or Summary Prospectuses

8. Alternatives to Commission's Position on Alternative Disclosure Contracts

V. Paperwork Reduction Act

A. Form N-3

B. Form N-4

C. Form N-6

D. Investment Company Interactive Data

E. Rule 498A

VI. Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification

VII. Statutory Authority

I. Introduction

The Securities and Exchange Commission is adopting rule and form amendments that are intended to help investors make informed investment decisions regarding variable annuity ^[4] and variable life insurance contracts ^[5] (together, “variable contracts” or “contracts”).^[6] To improve the current disclosure framework and update the manner in which variable contract investors receive and review prospectuses and related information, we are adopting new rule 498A under the Securities Act that permits the use of a summary prospectus to satisfy statutory prospectus delivery obligations, along with other rule and form amendments intended to implement the summary prospectus framework. Investors will have access to the contract statutory prospectus and other information about the contract online (and could receive paper or electronic copies upon request), which will provide more-detailed information about the contract.

Specifically, the approach under the new rule contemplates the use of two types of summary prospectuses: An “initial summary prospectus” to be provided to new investors, and an “updating summary prospectus” to be provided to existing investors. To help investors make an informed investment decision, each type of summary prospectus uses a layered disclosure approach designed to provide investors with key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks in a concise and more reader-friendly presentation, with website addresses or hyperlinks to more detailed information posted online and delivered electronically or in paper format on request.

To implement this new disclosure framework, we are also amending the registration forms for variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts to update and enhance the disclosures to investors in these contracts, and requiring variable contracts to use the Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (“Inline XBRL”) format for the submission of certain required disclosures in the variable contract statutory prospectus.

In proposing new rule 498A, the Commission discussed and solicited comment on approaches it was considering that could affect, and raise the possibility of future amendments to, certain parallel provisions of rule 498 and certain of our registration forms applicable to other types of registered investment companies. While we are not taking any such parallel actions in this document, Commission staff is currently considering the comments received and reviewing the disclosure regime for investment companies as to these and other potential amendments as part of a broader modernization initiative.

A. Background

To meet life insurance needs and retirement or other financial goals, investors may consider variable contracts as a way of combining insurance guarantees with the potential for long-term investment appreciation.^[7] Variable contracts are generally more complex than other retail investment products, such as mutual funds, in a variety of ways:

• Structure. Variable contracts combine both investment and insurance features. Investors generally allocate their purchase payments to a range of investment options, and the investor's account value changes depending on the performance of the investment options selected. For most variable contracts, these investment options typically are mutual funds, which are separately registered and have their own prospectuses.^[8] In addition, variable contracts frequently offer a menu of optional benefits that an investor may select to customize the contract to meet his or her individual needs.^[9]

• Fees and Expenses. Most variable contracts have two-level fee structures, where fees are assessed at both the contract level by the issuer (including mortality and expense risk charges,^[10] administrative fees, and fees for optional benefits selected by the investor) and at the portfolio company level.^[11] Transactional charges may also apply, some of which could be substantial, for example, in the case of withdrawals made from a contract prior to a specified number of years.^[12] Variable life insurance contracts also impose an additional insurance charge to cover the cost of the death benefit.^[13]

• Taxes. Special tax rules apply to variable products, with both tax advantages and potential adverse tax impacts in certain circumstances.^[14]

Investors should understand the features, risks, and charges associated with any potential investment. Providing investors with key information is particularly important in the context of variable contracts, since their structure is typically more complex than other types of investment products. The operation of and terminology associated with these products can be difficult for investors to understand. Moreover, variable contract prospectuses are often quite lengthy (frequently more than one hundred pages), particularly in the case of products that include optional benefits. It is also common for insurers to describe different versions of the contract in one prospectus, some of which may no longer be available to new investors, leaving investors to wade through a lengthy document to find disclosures relevant to the particular contract that they purchased or are considering purchasing.^[15] Because insurers issuing variable contracts typically bundle prospectuses for the underlying portfolio companies together with the variable contract prospectus, the disclosures that investors receive at the time of the initial purchase and on an annual basis thereafter can be voluminous.^[16]

We are concerned that the volume, format, and content of disclosures in the variable contract context may make it difficult for some investors to find and understand key information that they need to make an informed investment decision. Based on our experience with both layered disclosure (under the mutual fund summary prospectus) ^[17] and integrated disclosure (enhanced over a decade ago with securities offering reform for corporate issuers),^[18] our more than twenty years of experience with the use of the internet as a medium to provide information to investors,^[19] and on our investor testing efforts, outreach, and other empirical research concerning investors' preferences, the Commission proposed a summary prospectus framework for variable contracts using summary and layered disclosure principles.^[20]

B. Overview of Final Rule and Rule and Form Amendments

We are adopting a new disclosure framework that, among other things, permits the use of summary prospectuses for variable contracts, with additional information available to investors online. To help investors make an informed investment decision, the new framework uses a layered disclosure approach designed to provide investors with key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks in a concise and more reader-friendly presentation, with access to more detailed information available online, or delivered in paper or electronic format on request. We anticipate that the framework will improve investor understanding of variable contracts. The mutual fund industry has widely adopted the use of summary prospectuses, and we expect our proposed prospectus delivery approach similarly will be widely adopted by issuers of variable contracts.^[21]

New rule 498A builds upon our experience creating a summary prospectus option for mutual funds in 2009, but with certain differences intended to reflect the nature of variable contracts.^[22] Like the Commission's mutual fund summary prospectus rule, the summary prospectus under rule 498A is meant to highlight key information of variable contracts that we believe will help an investor make an informed investment decision.^[23]

Because variable contracts typically include a number of optional benefits and underlying investment options, a summary could not, by its nature, include all relevant aspects and details regarding each of these contract features. The variable contract summary prospectus is designed to be a succinct summary of the contract's key terms and benefits and most significant risks, making it easier to read and more understandable for investors. This summary prospectus will serve as the cornerstone of a layered disclosure framework that alerts investors to the availability of more detailed information in the statutory prospectus and in other locations, and will be tailored to the unique aspects of these products. As a result, investors will have ready access to key information in connection with an investment decision.

The main elements of the new disclosure framework include:

• Option to use summary prospectus.^[24] New rule 498A permits the use of two distinct types of contract summary prospectuses: (1) Initial summary prospectuses covering variable contracts currently offered to new investors; and (2) updating summary prospectuses for existing investors. The initial summary prospectus will include certain key information about the contract's most salient features, benefits, and risks, presented in plain English in a standardized order. The updating summary prospectus will include a brief description of certain changes to the contract that occurred during the previous year, as well as a subset of the information required to be in the initial summary prospectus. Certain key information about the portfolio companies will be provided in both the initial summary prospectus and updating summary prospectus.

• Availability of variable contract statutory prospectus and other materials.^[25] New rule 498A requires the variable contract statutory prospectus, as well as the contract's statement of additional information (“SAI”), to be publicly accessible, free of charge, at a website address specified on or hyperlinked in the cover of the summary prospectus. An investor who receives a contract summary prospectus may request the contract statutory prospectus and SAI to be sent in paper or electronically, at no cost to the investor.

• Optional method to satisfy portfolio company prospectus delivery requirements.^[26] New rule 498A provides an optional method for satisfying portfolio company prospectus delivery obligations by making portfolio company summary and statutory prospectuses available online at the website address specified on or hyperlinked in the variable contract summary prospectus, with certain key information about the portfolio companies provided in the variable contract's summary prospectus.^[27] Investors may request and receive those disclosures in paper or electronically at no cost. This new option for satisfying portfolio company prospectus delivery requirements is only available for portfolio companies available as investment options through variable contracts that use contract summary prospectuses.

• Form amendments.^[28] We are amending Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6—the registration forms for variable contracts—to update and enhance the disclosure regime for these investment products.^[29] The amendments are intended to consolidate certain summary information in a condensed presentation, reflect industry developments (e.g., the prevalence of optional benefits in today's variable contracts), and otherwise improve disclosures provided to variable contract investors.

• Inline XBRL.^[30] With respect to contracts currently offered to new investors, registrants will be required to use the Inline XBRL format for the submission of certain information. This requirement is intended to harness technology to provide a mechanism for allowing investors, Commission staff, data aggregators, financial analysts, and other data users to efficiently analyze and compare the available information about variable contracts, as required by their particular needs and circumstances.

• Discontinued Variable Contracts.^[31] We are taking the position that if an issuer of a discontinued contract that is discontinued as of July 1, 2020 that provides alternative disclosures does not file post-effective amendments to update a variable contract registration statement and does not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors, this would not provide a basis for enforcement action so long as investors are provided with the alternative disclosures or modernized alternative disclosures described below.

• Other Amendments.^[32] We are adopting certain technical and conforming amendments to our rules to reflect the proposed new regime for variable contract summary prospectuses. We are also adopting certain technical amendments to rules relating to variable life insurance contracts, as well as rescinding certain rules and forms.

Table 1 summarizes the various requirements—under the current prospectus delivery regime, and under the new optional summary prospectus regime—for information to either be (1) delivered to all investors, (2) made available online, or (3) delivered to those investors who so request:

II. Discussion

A. New Option To Use a Summary Prospectus for Variable Contracts

We are adopting, substantially as proposed, new rule 498A, which provides a new option for a person to satisfy its prospectus delivery obligations for variable contracts under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act by: (1) Sending or giving to new investors key information contained in a variable contract statutory prospectus in the form of an initial summary prospectus; (2) sending or giving to existing investors each year a brief description of certain changes to the contract, and a subset of the information in the initial summary prospectus, in the form of an updating summary prospectus; and (3) providing the statutory prospectus and other materials online. Under the new rule, a registrant (or the financial intermediary distributing the variable contract) relying on the rule must send the variable contract statutory prospectus and other materials to an investor in paper or electronic format upon request.

Commenters broadly supported our proposed layered disclosure approach.^[33] One commenter stated that “a layered disclosure approach, as set forth in proposed Rule 498A, will vastly improve investors' experiences with respect to purchasing and owning variable products.” ^[34] Another commenter observed that “the parallel approaches proposed in the rule properly mirror the sensible, constructive approaches adopted in the mutual fund summary disclosure initiative,” and predicted that such approach “can be expected to work equally well in the context of variable contracts.” ^[35] A third commenter, finding that the proposal “appropriately balances the goals of investor protection with a better investor experience,” endorsed the use of variable contract summary prospectuses “as the lynchpin of a new variable contract disclosure framework.” ^[36]

Some commenters expressed reservations about key aspects of the proposal. One commenter stated that the initial summary prospectus should provide the information needed to make an investment decision without having to refer to other documents,^[37] essentially rejecting the layered disclosure framework. Three commenters were skeptical that certain aspects of the proposed initial summary prospectus would result in better investor comprehension of how a variable contract works, and recommended that we engage in investor testing to validate our assumptions.^[38]

After considering the comments received on the proposal, we are adopting rule 498A and the general summary prospectus framework substantially as proposed, with several modifications reflecting considerations raised by commenters. As discussed in the Proposing Release, our proposal built on our experience with both layered disclosure (under the mutual fund summary prospectus) and integrated disclosure (enhanced over a decade ago with securities offering reform for corporate issuers), as well as more than 20 years of experience with the use of the internet as a medium to provide information to investors.^[39] We drew on our investor testing efforts in developing the proposed summary prospectus framework, and specifically solicited feedback from investors and other market participants on hypothetical initial and updating summary prospectuses, which we received in response to our “feedback form” and in numerous comment letters.^[40]

We also received comments on whether the use of the summary prospectus should be mandatory instead of voluntary as proposed. One commenter stated that the use of the summary prospectus should be voluntary to give insurers the flexibility to tailor their disclosure practices to best fit their situations.^[41] Two commenters supported mandatory compliance to ensure that variable contract investors receive summary disclosures to aid their investment decisions.^[42]

After considering such comments and evaluating our prior experience with the mutual fund summary prospectus, we continue to believe that reliance on rule 498A should be optional. This will give insurers the opportunity to gradually transition to the new summary prospectus regime while minimizing disruption to their current registration and business processes. Although approximately 93% of mutual funds currently use a summary prospectus, it took nearly eight years after the adoption of the mutual fund summary prospectus framework for the industry to reach that threshold.^[43] We believe that insurers may similarly need a period of time to transition to the new regime given the diversity of variable contracts (and corresponding diversity of disclosure for variable contracts) and the fact that the variable contract summary prospectus regime will differ from the mutual fund summary prospectus framework in several key ways (e.g., the use of an initial and an updating summary prospectus, and the new layered disclosure approach to satisfying portfolio company prospectus delivery obligations).

Some variable contracts offer few (or no) optional benefits and few investment options. Because these contracts have fairly straightforward disclosure documents, the advantages of the summary prospectus regime may be less compelling for these products, as compared to more complex variable products with numerous optional benefits and investment options (which tend to have longer and more complicated prospectuses). Registrants will likely assess the relative benefit of using a summary prospectus based on the types of products they offer and the length of their current prospectuses—as well as the benefit of more concise disclosure to investors—when evaluating whether to opt into the new layered disclosure regime.^[44] An optional approach also preserves flexibility for registrants that may not wish to undertake the costs of the transition to a summary prospectus regime.

Given the almost universal adoption of the summary prospectus regime by mutual funds, and the anticipated cost-savings and other efficiencies available to insurers that rely on the rule, we do not at this time believe a mandatory approach is necessary to achieve the goals of the variable contract summary prospectus regime. We intend to review the voluntary use of the summary prospectus and to assess whether benefits to investors warrant a future mandate.^[45]

1. Initial Summary Prospectus

a. Overview

The new rule requires a person relying on the rule to send or give an initial summary prospectus in connection with sales of variable contracts to new investors.^[46] The initial summary prospectus uses a layered disclosure approach that provides investors with key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks in a concise and more reader-friendly presentation, with access to more detailed information available online and electronically or in paper format on request.^[47] We designed the initial summary prospectus to simplify and consolidate lengthy and complex disclosures, and to highlight aspects of the contract that may not be emphasized in marketing materials and other disclosures.^[48]

b. Contracts That May Be Included in the Initial Summary Prospectus

As proposed, we are requiring the initial summary prospectus to only describe a single contract that the registrant currently offers for sale.^[49] Also as proposed, an initial summary prospectus may describe more than one class of a currently offered contract.^[50] For purposes of the rule, we are adopting, as proposed, a definition of “class” to be a class of a contract that varies principally with respect to distribution-related fees and expenses.^[51]

The Commission proposed these requirements for the initial summary prospectus because aggregating disclosures for multiple contracts, or currently offered and no-longer-offered features and options of a single contract, can hinder investors from distinguishing between contract features and options that apply to them and those that do not. Currently, and under our amendments to the registration forms, it is industry practice for registrants to describe multiple contracts in a single prospectus (or multiple versions of a particular contract in a prospectus), or include multiple prospectuses in a single registration statement.^[52] We also understand that certain contract prospectuses include disclosure about contract features and options that the registrant may no longer offer to new investors.

We received mixed comments regarding this aspect of the proposal. One commenter supported limiting the initial summary prospectus to a single contract currently offered for sale, but to facilitate reader comprehension, urged us to further limit the initial summary prospectus to only one class of a currently offered contract.^[53] In contrast, three commenters urged us to allow an initial summary prospectus to describe multiple variable contracts that differed in ways other than distribution-related fees and expenses.^[54] Their suggested approach would permit an initial summary prospectus to describe all contracts currently offered for sale, regardless of how they differed, including with respect to fees and expenses beyond traditional distribution-related fees and expenses (e.g., administrative, insurance, and benefit charges), optional benefits, and other features. These commenters asserted that our proposal would require investors to review multiple initial summary prospectuses to choose between different variable contracts, and suggested that instead permitting multiple contracts to be described in a single document would make it easier for investors to choose between contracts.

We are adopting this aspect of the rule as proposed. The initial summary prospectus is designed to provide investors key information to facilitate an initial investment decision. If we were to expand its scope as suggested by commenters, it could result in initial summary prospectuses that disclose information about contracts and contract features and options not available to the prospective investor. We continue to believe that requiring an initial summary prospectus to describe only one contract will provide more effective disclosure by omitting information that is not relevant to an investor's investment decision.

Commenters raised the concern that our approach could result in investors reviewing multiple initial summary prospectuses.^[55] We believe, however, that an approach that results in multiple initial summary prospectuses—where each is tailored to present key information about a single contract—will more effectively facilitate an investment decision than a longer or more complex document that may overwhelm investors with information that is not relevant to the investment decision.^[56] The summary prospectus regime is designed to reduce the volume and content of variable contract disclosures that may make it difficult for some investors to find and understand key information they need to make an investment decision. Describing multiple contracts in a single initial summary prospectus, as some commenters suggest, conflicts with this goal. Our approach also is consistent with requirements for mutual fund and exchange-traded fund (“ETF”) summary prospectuses, where summary prospectuses may only present key information as to a single fund.^[57]

c. Preparation of the Initial Summary Prospectus

The chart at the end of this section outlines the information required to appear in an initial summary prospectus. Along with specifying required introductory disclosures on the outside front cover page or the beginning of the initial summary prospectus, the new rule references particular disclosure items from Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 (as amended).^[58] We are adopting, largely as proposed, a standardized presentation to require certain disclosure items that we believe will be most relevant to investors (such as the table that includes key information about the contract and the contract overview section), to appear at the beginning of the initial summary prospectus, followed by supplemental information. The required presentation could also facilitate comparison of different variable contracts.^[59]

Largely as proposed, we are requiring an initial summary prospectus to only contain the information specifically required, which must appear in the same order, and under the relevant corresponding headings, as the rule specifies.^[60] While we did not receive any comments regarding the proposed order of the substantive contents of the initial summary prospectus, in a change from the proposal, and as discussed below, we are reversing the order of the first two sections,^[61] and, for Forms N-3 and N-4 only, merging two sections together.^[62] These changes are designed to facilitate investor readership and to streamline the document.

Use of Illustrations and Examples

While not proposed, three commenters suggested that we permit the use of illustrations or examples in summary prospectuses.^[63] Illustrations and examples are frequently presented in variable contract sales materials, and may be included in the statutory prospectus.^[64]

We are persuaded that illustrations and examples could assist investors in more readily understanding potentially complex or lengthy narrative disclosures. Consequently, the final rule and forms permit the inclusion of illustrations or examples in a summary prospectus to the extent that they are responsive and limited to the particular statutory prospectus items required to be included in the summary prospectus.^[65] However, such illustrations and examples generally should not, by their nature, quantity, or manner of presentation, obscure or impede understanding of the information that is required to be included in the summary prospectus.^[66]

Terminology

Commenters broadly objected to the requirement to use only the headings and terms specified in the proposed rule (and forms).^[67] One commenter stated because the industry uses a wide variety of terminology in contract prospectuses, marketing materials, and the contracts themselves, investors may be confused by receiving an initial summary prospectus that uses different terminology than related contract documents.^[68] Several commenters identified specific terms they believed should not be required.^[69] Another commenter asked that we permit registrants reasonable flexibility to use alternative terms that reflect the substance of the defined terms in the proposed rule, noting that readability should be the top priority.^[70] Commenters also stated that providing flexibility in terminology would allow the industry to simplify the complex language commonly used in variable product disclosures,^[71] facilitate product evolution and innovation,^[72] and be consistent with current practice as permitted by the staff.^[73] Instead of prescribing specific terminology, four commenters asked that we prescribe only the content of the disclosures, giving industry the flexibility to modify headings and terms to better convey certain aspects of a variable contract and make them easier to understand, as long as such terms are substantially similar in meaning to the terms used in the rule and forms and are clearly defined in the prospectuses in which they appear.^[74]

We recognize that variable contract and other issuers may use terminology in their disclosure documents other than that used in our rules and forms, and that in many instances, our rules and forms do not prescribe terminology.^[75] After considering comments, we are modifying the proposed rule and form requirements to give insurers the flexibility to describe their variable contracts in a manner best suited to their products and business practices, while still requiring the use of certain standardized headings in initial summary prospectuses to allow investors to easily compare the features of different products.

The proposed amendments to the forms would have defined and used certain terminology. However, contrary to certain commenters' concerns, the forms, as proposed, would not have required that registrants use the specific terminology in the forms in preparing a registration statement, other than in certain legends. To respond to these commenters' concerns, we are adding a clarifying instruction to the forms that explicitly and broadly permits registrants to use alternate terminology in preparing registration statements pursuant to the forms' disclosure requirements, so long as the alternate terminology clearly conveys the meaning of, or provides comparable information as, the terms used in the forms.^[76] Notwithstanding this instruction, we are adding an additional instruction, which was not included in the proposed amendments to the forms, that a registrant must prepare the Key Information Table using the headings and sub-headings specified by the form.^[77]

Because the initial summary prospectus (and as discussed below, the updating summary prospectus) draw from disclosures in the statutory prospectus, insurers will similarly have flexibility in preparing those documents with one exception. With respect to the initial summary prospectus, we are generally requiring, as proposed, that the initial summary prospectus use the standardized headings required by the rule.^[78] We believe that the use of standardized headings will provide a consistent framework to allow investors to more easily navigate through variable product summary prospectuses and also facilitate the ability of investors to compare information across different variable contract products.

Commenters generally objected to the proposed use of “surrender charges” and “death benefits” in the initial summary prospectus headings.^[79] Regarding “surrender charges,” we believe that the term “withdrawal” both sufficiently encompasses surrenders and other types of withdrawals and is a more intuitive term for investors, and have modified the heading regarding surrenders and withdrawals to no longer require the term “surrender.” ^[80] We decline, however, to permit the use of alternate terms for “death benefits” in the case of initial summary prospectuses for variable life insurance, because we believe that “death benefits” is a more intuitive term than “legacy benefits” or other terms.^[81] Additionally, the terms “mortality and expense risk charges” and “living benefit rider” do not appear in the standardized headings required by the rule, so insurers will have flexibility with respect to those terms.

i. Cover Page and Table of Contents

Identifying Information. We are adopting, largely as proposed, the requirement that the following information appear on the front cover page or the beginning of the initial summary prospectus:

• The depositor's name;
• The name of the contract, and the class or classes if any, to which the initial summary prospectus relates;
• A statement identifying the initial summary prospectus as a “Summary Prospectus for New Investors”; and
• The approximate date of the first use of the initial summary prospectus.^[83]

Several commenters suggested that instead of requiring the document to be identified as a “Summary Prospectus,” we should permit different titles, such as “Key Information Document” or “Summary Information.” ^[84] A prospectus, however, is a legal term with specific legal implications. It is also a term that is understood in the marketplace. We believe it is important that investors understand that an initial summary prospectus is, in fact, a prospectus, and that it therefore contains important required regulatory disclosures. However, in a change from the proposal, the cover page will not be required to include the registrant's name. We agree with a commenter's suggestion that the registrant's name is of limited value to investors because it is largely a legal convention,^[85] and believe investors are more likely to be interested in the names of the depositor (or insurer) and the variable contract.

Legends. We are requiring, largely as proposed, the cover page or beginning of the initial summary prospectus to include the following legends:

This Summary Prospectus summarizes key features of the [Contract]. Before you invest, you should also review the prospectus for the [Contract], which contains more information about the [Contract's] features, benefits, and risks. You can find this document and other information about the [Contract] online at [__]. You can also obtain this information at no cost by calling [__] or by sending an email request to [__].^[86]

You may cancel your [Contract] within 10 days of receiving it without paying fees or penalties. In some states, this cancellation period may be longer. Upon cancellation, you will receive either a full refund of the amount you paid with your application or your total contract value. You should review the prospectus, or consult with your investment professional, for additional information about the specific cancellation terms that apply.^[87]

Additional general information about certain investment products, including [variable annuities/variable life insurance contracts], has been prepared by the Securities and Exchange Commission's staff and is available at Investor.gov.^[88]

These legends are designed to provide identifying information about the variable contract to which the initial summary prospectus relates, as well as certain general information applicable to all variable contracts.^[89] Pursuant to the requirements of new rule 30e-3,^[90] the initial summary prospectus may include the legend designed to alert investors that beginning on a specified date, shareholder reports for Form N-3 variable annuities and for portfolio companies available under Form N-4 variable annuity and Form N-6 variable life insurance contracts will no longer be sent by mail (unless paper copies are specifically requested), and will instead be posted on a website, subject to notification by mail of their location and availability.^[91]

One commenter stated that the initial summary prospectus would be more approachable if the cover page had more white space with fewer legal disclaimers and suggested that we eliminate the legend urging investors to review the statutory prospectus before investing and describing how to obtain further information about the contract.^[92] We are retaining the legend and have streamlined it in consideration of this comment, but are otherwise adopting the legend largely as proposed because we believe that it concisely informs investors that the statutory prospectus is available and how to obtain it. Providing investors information about the statutory prospectus and where to find it will facilitate the layered disclosure approach we are adopting in this document.

Another commenter stated that because the free look period is one of the most crucial rights available to variable contract purchasers, investors should receive a separate, one-page disclosure describing this unique, time-limited revocation right.^[93] The commenter also suggested that we require insurers to draw more attention to free look disclosure by requiring it to be in a larger font size, bolded, and boxed.

We are not requiring insurers to provide a stand-alone document describing the free look period, but rather are requiring, as proposed, that the legend on the cover page or beginning of the summary prospectus retain all disclosures of key information in one document. We also understand that state laws typically mandate free look disclosures in the variable contract application, investor education materials (e.g., the NAIC Buyer's Guide), and the variable contract itself, and investors therefore already receive multiple notices regarding this unique revocation right. We agree, however, that this is important information that should be highlighted to investors because it is unique to variable contracts and time limited. We are therefore revising the rule to require that insurers present the “free-look” legend in a manner reasonably calculated to draw an investor's attention.^[94] In response to comments, the new rule also clarifies that this legend is required only if applicable.^[95]

Taking into account the comments urging that we streamline the legends where possible, we are relocating one legend and eliminating two others. Specifically, the Commission proposed that, if any information is incorporated by reference into the initial summary prospectus, the front cover page would include a legend with certain disclosures related to that information.^[96] Incorporation by reference is a technical legal doctrine that may not be understandable to many investors. To reduce the length of the legends on the cover page of the initial summary prospectus, we are relocating this legend to the back cover page or last page of the initial summary prospectus.^[97] However, we are not eliminating the legend because our rules on incorporation by reference require registrants to provide disclosure about what information is incorporated into a document.^[98]

We are also eliminating the proposed legend stating “You should read this Summary Prospectus carefully, particularly the section titled Important Information You Should Consider About the Contract.” We believe that legend is no longer necessary because the section referenced by that legend is now the first item in the initial summary prospectus.^[99]

One commenter suggested that we remove the proposed legend stating that the Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved of the contract or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the disclosure in the summary prospectus and that any contrary representation is a criminal offense, on the basis that this legend was “legalese.” ^[100] We agree that this legend may not communicate as effectively as the other legends and that removing it will streamline the cover page, potentially increasing the likelihood that investors will read the remaining legends. Removing the requirement to include that legend also treats variable contract summary prospectuses similarly to mutual fund summary prospectuses, which are permitted, but not required, to include that legend on their cover page.

EDGAR Contract Identifier. We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement to include the contract's EDGAR contract identifier on the bottom of the back cover page or last page of the initial summary prospectus in a type size smaller than that generally used in the prospectus (e.g., 8-point modern type).^[101] This requirement is intended to enable Commission staff and others to more easily link the initial summary prospectus with other filings associated with the contract. We received no comments regarding the EDGAR contract identifier.

Table of Contents. Likewise, we are adopting, as proposed, the rule provision permitting an initial summary prospectus to include a table of contents.^[102] A table of contents must show the page number of the various sections or subdivisions of the summary prospectus, and immediately follow the cover page in any initial summary prospectus delivered electronically.^[103] We received no comments on this aspect of the proposal.

ii. Content of the Initial Summary Prospectus

We are adopting, generally as proposed but with some modifications, specifications in the rule regarding the content and order required in an initial summary prospectus.^[104] An initial summary prospectus must contain the information required by the rule, and only that information, in the order specified by the rule.^[105] Adhering to these content requirements is one condition that an initial summary prospectus must satisfy in order to be deemed to be a prospectus that is permitted under Section 10(b) of the Securities Act and Section 24(g) of the Investment Company Act for the purposes of Section 5(b)(1) of the Securities Act.^[106]

Key Information Table

The initial summary prospectus will include a table (the “Key Information Table”) that will provide a brief description of key facts about the variable contract in a specific sequence and in a standardized presentation that is designed to be easy to read and navigate.^[107] Specifically, it will include a summary of five topic areas: (1) Fees and expenses; (2) risks; (3) restrictions; (4) taxes; and (5) conflicts of interest. This is intended to highlight, in a consolidated location, important considerations related to these products, including certain unique aspects of the variable contract that might be unfamiliar to investors who have experience with mutual funds or other types of investment products.^[108] We are adopting the Key Information Table substantially as proposed, with some modifications made in response to comments.

Commenters were broadly supportive of the proposed Key Information Table,^[109] which was identified by respondents to the Feedback Flier as the “most useful” section in the hypothetical initial summary prospectus that accompanied the Proposing Release. One commenter said the information in the Key Information Table was most relevant to investors, particularly if standardized to compare annuities,^[110] while another noted approvingly that it broke the information down in a simplified way.^[111]

Given the positive response to the Key Information Table, in a change from the proposal, we are relocating it so it will be the first substantive section of the initial summary prospectus, followed by the Overview of the Contract instead of the second section following Overview of the Contract, as proposed. We believe that investors of different levels of financial sophistication may benefit from receiving this information early in the initial summary prospectus, as it was designed to provide a contextual baseline to help inform investors' understanding of disclosure about more detailed aspects of the variable contract that are described later on.

The Key Information Table includes a number of prescribed disclosures and is designed to complement the “Overview” section, discussed below. As proposed, we are placing these two disclosure sections at the beginning of the initial summary prospectus because we believe they contain certain basic information that is critical for variable contract investors to read. We are also requiring, as proposed, that this information be provided in a standardized tabular presentation because we believe that, as compared to the narrative-type presentation of corresponding disclosures in the statutory prospectus, a summary tabular presentation will be easier to read and better convey the importance of the information to investors.^[112] This presentation may also facilitate comparisons of certain disclosure topics among variable contract prospectuses.

We are requiring, as proposed, that a registrant provide the Key Information Table under the heading “Important Information You Should Consider About the [Contract].” We are not requiring the proposed legend that would have followed this heading, because we believe that legend is largely redundant with similar language on the cover page or beginning of the summary prospectus.^[113]

As proposed, specified headings are required for each of the five topic areas included in the table, and under each heading will be two columns. The left column lists the required disclosure line-items for each of the five topic areas, and the right column provides a brief description for each corresponding line-item, according to the respective instructions for each proposed line-item. Registrants will also provide a cross-reference to the location in the statutory prospectus where further information can be found for each line-item.^[114] One commenter expressed a preference for allowing registrants the discretion to use a one or two column format based on specific formatting and design preferences.^[115] While we recognize there are many ways to effectively provide the required information, requiring all registrants to adhere to the same presentation standards facilitates comparability. The overall format of the Key Information Table is depicted below:

(i) Fees and Expenses

Variable contracts typically have multiple layers of fees, expenses, and charges that can be confusing to investors. While the Fee Table currently required in variable contract prospectuses provides comprehensive fee and expense information,^[116] that information is frequently presented over a span of two or more pages when a prospectus is printed on paper.^[117] We believe that investors may benefit from a shorter, more tailored discussion in the Key Information Table that is intended to convey how an investor's elections under the contract (e.g., as to classes, optional benefits, portfolio companies, etc.) will impact the fees and expenses he or she will experience under his or her contract.^[118] As discussed below, we are requiring, as proposed, that the initial summary prospectus also include the Fee Table from the statutory prospectus.^[119] This framework will allow an investor to determine the level of fee information that best suits his or her informational needs.

We received mixed comments regarding the proposed Key Information fee tables. One commenter approved of the summary fee tables, stating “they are well‐conceived.” ^[120] Two commenters opposed presenting fee information in the Key Information Table (and certain other sections of the initial summary prospectus) as repetitive and potentially confusing to investors, and instead recommended that all fee and expense information be disclosed in a single location in the initial summary prospectus (i.e., the full Fee Table, described in the section titled “Additional Information About Fees.”).^[121] One commenter stated that numerical fee information should not be in the Key Information Table because the investor would not have sufficient context to understand specific dollar figures or percentages at that point of the document, and that a narrative explanation of the types of fees and expenses associated with the investment, accompanied by a cross-reference to the Fee Table, would be most useful to investors.^[122]

While we acknowledge that some fee information presented in the Key Information Table may be duplicative of information in the Fee Table, we believe that this is consistent with our general layered disclosure approach. Investors can receive preliminary fee-related information in the Key Information Table, and more detailed information in the Fee Table later in the document. Moreover, we are not persuaded, as one commenter suggests, that providing only a narrative description of the charges, without corresponding numerical costs, would as effectively communicate to new investors the costs associated with a variable product as a presentation that includes numeric information. Accordingly, we are adopting, as proposed, the requirement to include specific dollar figures and percentages in the Key Information Table.

Charges for Early Withdrawals. It is important that investors understand that if they make a withdrawal in the first several years following an investment in their contract, they may pay a significant charge that will reduce the value of their investment. We believe, however, that investors frequently do not understand, or may be surprised by, surrender charges associated with early withdrawals.^[123] For that reason, the Commission proposed that the Key Information Table require information intended to alert investors about the potential impact of surrender charges imposed on early withdrawals.

Comments were mixed on this issue. Two commenters urged us to de-emphasize the surrender charges in the summary prospectus, suggesting that their prominence overemphasizes the risk they present.^[124] However, another commenter stressed the need for prominent disclosure of surrender charges, stating that older investors might not understand that long surrender periods may limit their ability to access money in their account.^[125] Other commenters requested more flexibility in the terminology used for this heading, and objected to the use of the term “surrender charges.” ^[126]

Given the consequences of misunderstanding the impact of a surrender charge for early withdrawals, we are requiring, largely as proposed, the first line-item in the table, “Charges for Early Withdrawals,” to state that if the investor withdraws money from the contract within [x] years following his or her last premium payment, he or she will be assessed a surrender charge. This statement will include the maximum surrender charge, and the maximum number of years that a surrender charge may be assessed since the last payment was made under the contract.^[127] In response to commenters' concerns regarding the term “surrender charges,” we believe that the term “withdrawal” both sufficiently encompasses surrenders and other types of withdrawals and is a more intuitive term for investors, and have modified the heading accordingly.

In addition, we are requiring, as proposed, an example of the maximum surrender charge an investor could pay (in dollars) under the contract assuming a $100,000 investment (e.g., “[i]f you make an early withdrawal, you could pay a surrender charge of up to $9,000 on a $100,000 investment.”).^[128] The Commission proposed to use $100,000 as the basis for the surrender charge example because the value of the average variable annuity contract exceeds $100,000.^[129] For purposes of the Key Information Table, we believe that providing a dollar figure may better communicate to investors the impact of surrender charges than a surrender charge schedule that shows the applicable surrender charge per year as a percentage, as reflected elsewhere in the document.^[130]

One commenter objected to a surrender charge example in the Key Information Table based on an assumed investment of $100,000,^[131] while several others generally opposed using $100,000 as the basis for any fee examples in the initial summary prospectus, preferring the current $10,000 assumed investment level.^[132] As we noted in the Proposing Release, $100,000 more closely approximates the current average value of a variable annuity, and therefore we continue to believe that figure is more likely to result in cost projections that align with actual investor expectations and experience.^[133] For this reason, and as discussed in more detail below, we are requiring $100,000 as the baseline investment assumption for all fee examples in a variable contract prospectus, including the Key Information Table's surrender charge example.^[134]

Transaction Charges. As proposed, the second line-item in the “Fees and Expenses” section of the table, “Transaction Charges,” requires a statement explaining that in addition to surrender charges, the investor may also be charged for other transactions, accompanied by a brief description of the types of such charges (e.g., front-end loads, charges for transferring cash value between investment options, charges for wire transfers, etc.).^[135] This requirement is designed to provide a simple narrative description to alert investors that surrender charges are not the only transaction charges they could pay. We received no comments regarding this line-item.

Ongoing Fees and Expenses. We are adopting, largely as proposed, the third line-item in the “Fees and Expenses” section of the Key Information Table, “Ongoing Fees and Expenses (annual expenses),” which is designed to alert investors that they also will bear recurring fees on an annual basis.^[136] In Forms N-3 and N-4, the disclosure in this line-item will begin with the legend: “The table below describes the fees and expenses that you may pay each year, depending on the options you choose.” ^[137]

Largely as proposed, Form N-4 registrants will disclose, in a tabular presentation in the order specified, the minimum and maximum annual fees for: (1) Base contract expenses;^[138] (2) investment options (e.g., portfolio company fees and expenses); ^[139] and (3) optional benefits available for an additional charge (for a single optional benefit, if elected).^[140] Since Form N-3 registrants have a single-tier structure and consolidate fees and expenses for investment options into base contract expenses, they will disclose the same information as Form N-4 registrants, except fees for base contract expenses and investment options will be consolidated into a single entry labeled “annual contract expenses.” ^[141]

The minimum annual fee column will show the lowest fee for each annual fee category (i.e., the least expensive contract class, the lowest annual portfolio company expense or management fee, and the single least expensive optional benefit that is available for an additional charge).^[142] The maximum annual fee column will show the highest fees for these categories (and will reflect the single most expensive optional benefit). Additionally, a legend preceding the minimum and maximum annual fee table will refer investors to their contract specifications page for information about the specific fees they would pay each year based on the options elected.^[143]

This presentation will consolidate the more detailed information in the Fee Table, in an effort to minimize the need for investors to perform complex calculations to understand the fees they will pay.^[144] For example, like the “Ongoing Fees and Expenses” line-item in the Key Information Table, the Fee Table will also include information about the contract's base contract fee, portfolio company fees and expenses, and optional benefits.^[145] However, the Fee Table will include a separate response for each contract class.^[146] In order to condense this information, the parallel disclosure in the Key Information Table will be presented as fee ranges.

As described in the Proposing Release, we also designed an example in Forms N-3 and N-4 to provide a high-level cost illustration that will give an investor a tool to understand the basic cost framework of the contract. To emphasize that an investor's choices have a significant impact on the costs associated with his or her investment, we are requiring a two-column tabular presentation in the order specified reflecting the lowest and highest annual cost estimates for the variable contract.^[147] The following legend will precede this table: “Because your contract is customizable, the choices you make affect how much you will pay. To help you understand the cost of owning your contract, the following table shows the lowest and highest cost you could pay each year. This estimate assumes that you do not take withdrawals from the contract, which could add surrender charges that substantially increase costs.” ^[148]

As proposed, the lowest and highest annual dollar costs in this table are based on certain prescribed assumptions (i.e., a $100,000 investment) with no additional contributions, transfers, or withdrawals, no sales charges, and a 5% annual return over a hypothetical 10-year period.^[149] The lowest annual cost estimate is based on the least expensive combination of contract classes and portfolio company charges or management fees, and excludes optional benefits. The highest annual cost estimate reflects the most expensive combination of contract classes, portfolio company charges or management fees, and optional benefits.^[150] Excluding optional benefits from the lowest annual cost estimate, and including them in the highest annual cost estimate, is intended to illustrate the cost impact of adding optional benefits to a contract.^[151] With this information, the investor will be able to roughly estimate further costs,^[152] and may be able to obtain additional information about costs in the statutory prospectus if needed.^[153]

Despite advocating for the removal of numerical fee information in other sections of the Key Information Table, one commenter stated that “[a]n investor would benefit from the proposed annual cost estimates, which are easy for an investor to understand and would not be repeated elsewhere in the [Initial Summary Prospectus]” and supported including the cost estimates in this Key Information Table fee table.^[154] We received two comments reiterating concerns with the $100,000 assumed investment amount,^[155] but as previously discussed, we are requiring this amount for all examples in variable contract summary and statutory prospectuses because $100,000 more closely approximates the current average value of a variable annuity, and therefore we continue to believe that figure is more likely to result in cost projections that align with actual investor expectations and experience.^[156] We received no other comments on the cost estimate in the Key Information Table, and are adopting it as proposed.

For Form N-6, the Commission proposed a variation of the “Ongoing Fees and Expenses” section of the Key Information Table that was proposed for Forms N-3 and N-4. Because the costs associated with variable life insurance contracts are largely based on the personal characteristics of the insured (e.g., age, sex, health history), the Commission did not propose to require specific numeric information about the fees covering the cost of insurance and optional benefits,^[157] but instead proposed to require this section of the Key Information Table to include: (1) A brief statement that investment in a variable life insurance contract is subject to certain ongoing fees and expenses that are set based on characteristics of the insured; and (2) the minimum and maximum annual fees for the investment options in a tabular presentation.^[158] One commenter who addressed this aspect of the proposal supported our approach,^[159] and we are adopting this requirement as proposed.

Fund Facilitation Fees. Two commenters asked how fund facilitation fees would be presented for purposes of the “Ongoing Fees and Expenses” section of the Key Information Table.^[160] Currently, although our registration forms do not specifically reference fund facilitation fees, insurers that charge the fees disclose them in the prospectus. In our staff's experience, however, such practices vary.^[161]

To ensure that registrants disclose these fees in a consistent manner, in a change from the proposal, the final rules and forms include provisions in the registration forms covering such fees. First, consistent with our understanding of these fees, the forms define “platform charge” as any fee charged by the registrant to make a portfolio company available as an investment option under the contract, and that varies solely on the basis of the portfolio company selected.^[162] To allow investors to see the lowest and highest charges associated with the range of available portfolio company options, we are modifying the proposed instructions to the Key Information Table to require the minimum (or maximum, if applicable) portfolio company expense ratio reflected in the table to include any platform fee charges to invest in that option.^[163] The final rule and forms also require certain additional disclosures regarding platform charges in the Fee Table and in the portfolio company/investment option Appendix as described below.^[164]

(ii) Risks

As proposed, the Key Information Table includes a condensed discussion of contract risks. Current risk disclosures in variable contract statutory prospectuses typically span multiple pages. While this level of disclosure may be appropriate for a statutory prospectus, we believe that a more-concise overview presentation of contract risks is better suited for the Key Information Table in light of the goals of the summary prospectus. Like the summary of fee and expense information that will appear in the Key Information Table, these risk summaries are intended to provide a concise overview, with additional information available for an investor who desires or requires additional details.

Specifically, the table will include four line-items under the heading “Risks,” each of which includes disclosure about a risk that we believe investors should be alerted to: (1) Risk of loss; (2) risks that could occur if an investor believes a variable annuity is a short-term investment; (3) risks associated with the contract's investment options; and (4) insurance company risks.^[165] Each of these line-items will include succinct descriptions of the respective risk.

The first line-item is intended to convey that although variable contracts have elements of insurance, unlike most traditional forms of insurance, these products are subject to the risk of loss.^[166] This could help prevent any misunderstanding if, for example, an investor confused a variable annuity contract and a fixed annuity contract and did not understand that the contract value in a variable annuity could decline.

One commenter thought the “risk of loss” disclosure might be confusing because variable contracts should be held for the long term and that it would be more appropriate to state that the contract may be subject to market fluctuations or risks.^[167] Another commenter stated that the disclosure should include the fact that high fees increase the risk of loss.^[168] While risk of loss manifests in many different ways, we believe the proposed language serves its intended purpose of putting investors on notice that they can lose money by investing in the contract, and therefore we are adopting the requirement as proposed.

The second line-item is intended to emphasize to investors that variable contracts are generally long-term investments and not appropriate for an investor who needs ready access to cash, particularly in view of the impact of surrender charges and/or tax penalties for early withdrawals.^[169] The third line-item is intended to focus on the general risk of poor investment performance (as opposed to the details of the specific risks associated with each of the particular investment options available under the contract).^[170] We received no comments on these line-items and are adopting them largely as proposed, although we have added a reference related to general or “fixed account” investment options to clarify for investors who might not understand that fixed account investment options have their own unique risks (such as credit risk).

The fourth line-item is meant to alert investors that any obligations, guarantees, or benefits under the contract that may be subject to the claims-paying ability of the insurance company (as opposed to the separate account, which is insulated from the claims of the insurance company's creditors) will depend on the financial solvency of the insurance company. One commenter noted that this line-item is especially important because variable annuity products bear liquidity and single entity credit risk of the insurance company.^[171] We agree and are adopting this line-item largely as proposed, but have added a reference to obligations related to general or “fixed account” investment options to clarify this point for investors who might not understand that any fixed account investment options may still be subject to the insurer's solvency and claims-paying ability.^[172]

As part of these disclosures, the registrant is required to state that additional information about the insurance company, including, if applicable, its financial strength ratings, may be obtained upon request, and indicate how such requests can be made (e.g., via toll-free telephone number).^[173] In lieu of providing the portion of this statement regarding the availability of the insurance company's financial strength ratings, a registrant could include the insurance company's financial strength rating(s).^[174] One commenter suggested requiring a brief description of the insurer that includes the identification of the entity that is responsible for the insurance obligations under the contract.^[175] Although that and other related information can be helpful to investors, and is required to be disclosed in variable contract statutory prospectuses, we do not believe that this line-item in the Key Information Table is the appropriate location for such disclosures.^[176] As discussed above, the risks section of the Key Information Table is intended to provide succinct descriptions of certain key risks, as opposed to providing general factual information that is redundant with disclosures provided elsewhere in the prospectus and the registration statement.

A fifth line-item, which will only appear in the “Risks” section for variable life insurance contracts, is meant to focus on contract lapse, which is a key risk for variable life insurance investors (but not relevant to variable annuity contracts).^[177] For example, a variable life insurance contract may lapse when sufficient premium payments are not made by the investor. Since inadvertent contract lapse could negate the insurance benefit of the variable life insurance contract, we believe this risk should be included in the Key Information Table. We received no comments on this line-item and are adopting it as proposed.

Some commenters identified other risks relevant to certain subsets of investors and contracts and suggested those risks be added to the Key Information Table.^[178] We decline to revise the Key Information Table to include those additional risks because the required disclosures in the Key Information Table are intended to identify key risks that are common to all variable insurance contracts, and we do not believe that any of the suggested additional risks are necessarily common across all variable insurance contracts. As discussed further below, we are also adopting, as proposed, a new requirement in Forms N-3 and N-4 that, like the current parallel requirement in Form N-6, requires the registrant to summarize the principal risks of purchasing a contract in a consolidated risk section within the statutory prospectus.^[179] Registrants have the flexibility to discuss any principal risks when responding to this requirement, including principal risks relevant to specific subsets of investors and contracts.

(iii) Restrictions

As proposed, the Key Information Table requires registrants to briefly disclose those features of a variable contract that commonly include restrictions or limitations, namely the investment options and optional benefits that the contract offers. We designed this section of the table to include separate line-items for each of these topics under the heading “Restrictions.” ^[180] For example, many variable annuity contracts have optional benefits that restrict the percentage of assets that investors can allocate to certain investment options, such as more volatile categories of equity funds, in order to facilitate the insurance company's ability to reserve for the guarantees under the benefit.

The “Investments” line-item requires registrants to disclose whether there are any restrictions that may limit the investments that an investor may choose and/or limitations on the transfer of contract value among portfolio companies, and if applicable, that the insurer reserves the right to remove or substitute portfolio companies as investment options.^[181] The “Optional Benefits” line-item requires registrants to disclose whether there are any restrictions or limitations relating to optional benefits, as well as whether the registrant may modify or terminate an optional benefit.^[182] We included these line-items in the Key Information Table to put investors on notice of restrictions and limitations associated with different options that are available under the contract.

One commenter recommended placing greater emphasis on the investment restrictions associated with portfolio company options by renaming this section of the Key Investment Table “Investment Restrictions,” which would focus solely on benefit-related investment restrictions and the impact of not complying with such investment restrictions (including contract termination), and requiring all disclosure regarding restrictions or limitations related to optional benefits to be described in other sections of the initial summary prospectus.^[183]

We are adopting the Restrictions line-items in the Key Information Table as proposed. As explained in the Proposing Release, we chose not to require a description of the specific restrictions and limitations associated with each of the available investment options and optional benefits because doing so would likely add significant length to the table, and such information will be provided in other parts of the initial summary prospectus, as well as the statutory prospectus.^[184] Requiring a short description of these restrictions or limitations in the Key Information Table will alert investors of their existence. Investors looking for detailed descriptions of each such restriction or limitation may then review the “[Other]” Benefits Available Under the Contract” section. Finally, we decline to place greater emphasis on investment related restrictions in the Restrictions line-item, such as by renaming it “Investment Restrictions,” as this section is intended to cover all types of limitations or restrictions, including any non-investment related limitations or restrictions.

(iv) Taxes

Because variable contracts are subject to different tax rules than other investment products, with both tax advantages and potential tax impacts in certain circumstances, we are requiring that the Key Information Table include tax-related disclosures. The “Tax Implications” line-item of the table, which will appear under the heading “Taxes,” requires a statement that investors should consult with a tax professional to determine the tax implications of an investment in, and payments received under, the variable contract.^[185] A registrant must also state that there is no additional tax benefit to the investor if the contract is purchased through a tax-qualified plan or individual retirement account (IRA), and that withdrawals will be subject to ordinary income tax and may be subject to tax penalties.^[186]

One commenter stated that the tax consequences of purchasing a variable contract should be explained, and provided a list of six examples to include in the Key Information Table.^[187] Another recommended adding disclosure regarding required minimum distributions for group contracts.^[188]

As discussed in the Proposing Release, the tax disclosure in the Key Information Table is meant to alert investors to tax implications of their investment in a location using a presentation we believe investors are most likely to see and understand. While we agree that additional tax information could provide context for investors, it would also add length to what is intended to be a brief and targeted description in a summary document. Moreover, similar to the other line-items in the Key Information Table, additional detail about the tax implications of an investment in a variable contract will also be available in the statutory prospectus.^[189] Finally, the tax disclosure is meant to include tax considerations that are generally applicable across all variable contracts, rather than a discussion of all tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular contract or investor. For these reasons we decline to add to the list of tax disclosures in the Key Information Table, and are adopting this requirement as proposed.

(v) Conflicts of Interest

As proposed, the Key Information Table must include, if applicable,^[190] line-items regarding conflicts of interest that may arise in the context of variable contracts, specifically with regards to investment professional compensation and exchanges. The “Investment Professional Compensation” line-item requires registrants to disclose, if applicable, that an investment professional may be paid for selling the contract to investors.^[191] A registrant must describe the basis upon which such compensation is typically paid (e.g., commissions, revenue sharing, compensation from affiliates and third parties). A registrant providing the required disclosure also must state that investment professionals may have a financial incentive to offer or recommend the contract over another investment for which the investment professional is not compensated (or compensated less). This requirement reflects analogous disclosure that appears in mutual fund summary prospectuses ^[192] and is designed to address similar concerns—namely to alert investors to the existence of compensation arrangements for investment professionals and the potential conflicts of interest arising from these arrangements.

The “Exchanges” line-item requires the registrant to state, if applicable, that some investment professionals may have a financial incentive to offer a new contract in place of the one owned by the investor.^[193] A registrant must further state that investors should only exchange their contract if they determine, after comparing the features, fees, and risks of both contracts, that it is preferable for them to purchase the new contract rather than continue to own the existing contract. When a contract owner purchases a new annuity contract to replace an existing one, the new contract is referred to as a replacement contract.^[194] We understand that a significant proportion of variable contract sales stem from exchanges, and these disclosures are intended to alert investors to potential conflicts of interest that may arise in that context.

Several commenters sought to expand the scope of the conflicts of interest disclosure,^[195] while others asked us to narrow it.^[196] We are adopting this line-item as proposed. As noted above, the variable contract summary prospectus conflict of interest disclosures were modeled on the parallel requirement for mutual fund summary prospectuses. Based on our experience with the mutual fund summary prospectus regime we believe the required disclosure strikes the right balance of alerting investors to certain conflicts in a summary document, while accommodating additional detail that may be described in the statutory prospectus.

(vi) General Instructions

In addition to the proposed instructions specific to each line-item in the Key Information Table, we are adopting a set of general instructions to the table. As proposed, to streamline the disclosure and encourage registrants to use plain-English, investor-friendly principles when drafting the disclosures, the general instructions require registrants to disclose the required information in the tabular presentation reflected in the form, in the order specified.^[197] However, registrants are permitted to exclude any disclosures that are not applicable or modify any of the statements required to appear in the table so long as the modified statement contains comparable information.^[198]

In a change from the proposal, notwithstanding this instruction and a General Instruction permitting the use of alternate terminology under certain conditions, the title, headings, and sub-headings for this tabular presentation may not be modified or substituted with alternate terminology unless otherwise provided.^[199] We believe having a standardized title, headings, and sub-headings for the Key Information Table facilitates the ability of investors to easily compare key information and features for different variable contracts. Several commenters acknowledged the importance of an investor's ability to compare variable contracts across different insurance companies,^[200] and we believe the use of standardized terms in this manner within the Key Information Table could facilitate comparability.

The general instructions require registrants to provide cross-references or links in electronic versions of the summary prospectus to the location in the statutory prospectus where the subject matter required by the line-item is described in greater detail.^[201] As explained in the Proposing Release, we believe that providing cross-references and links (or similar technological access) will help investors who seek additional information quickly find more detailed information that may be important to them.^[202] The cross-reference or link need not necessarily be a page number or page range; ^[203] instead, a registrant could cross-reference or link to a particular section or sub-section, or heading or sub-heading, in the statutory prospectus.

In response to comments,^[204] we are modifying this general instruction in the context of the Key Information Table to allow registrants to provide another means of facilitating access through equivalent methods or technologies that lead directly to the relevant cross-referenced information.^[205] In the context of the Key Information Table, this gives registrants the flexibility to provide a continuously visible sidebar in the summary prospectus that includes hyperlinks to sections in the statutory prospectus, as an alternative to providing a separate link for each line-item in the Key Information Table that links directly to the section in the statutory prospectus where the subject matter of that line-item is discussed in additional detail. Registrants who choose this option generally should provide a cross-reference for each line-item in the Key Information Table that directly corresponds to the appropriate heading in the sidebar (because otherwise an investor may find it difficult to determine which of the headings in the sidebar will provide more detailed information regarding that line-item).

Finally, in keeping with our goal of providing a brief tabular presentation of key facts that can be easily digested by investors, the instructions provide that all disclosures in the Key Information Table should be short and succinct, consistent with the limitations of a tabular presentation.^[206]

Overview of the Contract

We are adopting, largely as proposed, the requirement that an initial summary prospectus include a section describing certain basic and introductory information about the contract and its benefits, under the heading “Overview of the [Variable Annuity/Life Insurance] Contract.” ^[207] We are making only one substantive modification from the proposal related to this section. As proposed, this section would have appeared as the first substantive section of the initial summary prospectus, but as discussed above, this section will follow the Key Information Table under the final rule.

Purpose of Contract. As proposed, the requirement to briefly describe the purpose(s) of the contract in general terms ^[208] is intended to provide the reader with information on what financial objectives that contract could help the investor achieve, as well as the profile of an investor for whom the contract may be appropriate (e.g., by discussing a representative investor's time horizon, liquidity needs, and financial goals). This requirement could be satisfied, for example, by stating that the contract is meant to help the investor accumulate assets through an investment portfolio, to provide or supplement the investor's retirement income, or to provide death benefits and/or other benefits, and that the contract may not be appropriate for an investor that intends to access his or her invested funds within a short-term timeframe.^[209]

Phases of Contract (for Variable Annuity Contracts). As proposed, the requirement to include a brief description of the accumulation (savings) phase and annuity (income) phases of the contract ^[210] is meant to provide basic information about how the variable annuity contract functions, which in turn will help highlight how the contract differs from other types of investment products. It also is designed to address common areas of confusion among variable annuity investors. For example, it highlights the effect of annuitization on the ability to make withdrawals and the continuation of contract benefits.^[211]

This discussion requires a brief overview of the investment options available under the contract (that is, portfolio companies and any general or fixed account option).^[212] The registrant also must prominently disclose that additional information on the portfolio companies is provided in an Appendix to the summary prospectus (or elsewhere in the case of registrants on Form N-3 that chose to omit the Appendix from the initial summary prospectus in favor of more detailed information about investment options as required by Item 19 of amended Form N-3), and provide a cross-reference to the Appendix.^[213] Finally, the registrant must state, if applicable, that if an investor annuitizes, he or she will receive a stream of income payments, but he or she will be unable to make withdrawals, and death benefits and living benefits will terminate.^[214]

Premiums (for Variable Life Insurance Contracts). For the same reasons discussed in the Proposing Release, instead of requiring a description of the phases of the contract as with variable annuities, Form N-6 requires the “Overview” section to briefly describe the payment of premiums under the variable life insurance contract. This description of premiums must include: (1) Whether premiums may vary in timing and amount (e.g., flexible premiums); (2) whether restrictions may be imposed on premium payments (e.g., by age of insured, or by amount); (3) how premiums may be allocated (this discussion should include a brief overview of the investment options available under the contract, as well as any general (fixed) account options); and (4) a statement that payment of insufficient premiums may result in a lapse of the contract.^[215]

Unlike variable annuities, variable life insurance generally requires the investor to make continuing premium payments in order to avoid a lapse of the contract. We therefore believe the “Overview” section should prominently explain the role of premium payments in the contract, and highlight for investors a key risk that non-payment (or insufficient payment) of premiums could result in contract lapse.

Contract Features. Finally, this section will include a summary of the contract's primary features, including annuity benefits, death benefits, withdrawal options, loan provisions, and any available optional benefits.^[216] If applicable, the registrant must state that the investor will incur an additional fee for selecting a particular benefit. Because registrants will discuss many of these subjects in other sections of the initial summary prospectus in greater detail (and will discuss each of these subjects in more detail in the contract statutory prospectus), this paragraph is intended to be summary in nature.

One commenter suggested that the proposed list of overview topics was reasonable, but requested flexibility to allow registrants to prepare appropriate disclosures based on their products, markets, and customers.^[217] A second commenter suggested that the contract's primary features and options should be listed in order of importance.^[218] Because we believe the item requirements for the “Overview” section focuses on the most important features and options of a contract, while also giving registrants sufficient flexibility to tailor the disclosures in the manner best designed to briefly explain each product's features, we are adopting the substantive requirements for this section as proposed.

Standard Death Benefits

We are modifying our proposed approach to death benefit disclosures in the initial summary prospectus. To highlight standard death benefit limitations and the possibility of its termination, the Commission proposed to require a section briefly describing the contract's standard death benefit,^[219] immediately followed by a separate section describing any optional death benefits, as well as standard and optional living benefits.

We received several comments suggesting that we eliminate the standard death benefit as a standalone section of the initial summary prospectus for variable annuities because, as one commenter explained, “investors typically don't purchase variable annuities for their death benefits, which don't generally require an additional fee.” ^[220] Instead, commenters recommended that for variable annuities standard death benefits should be discussed in conjunction with the “Other Benefits Available Under the Contract.” ^[221]

After considering these comments, in a change from the proposal, we are not requiring variable annuity registrants to include a separate section of the initial summary prospectus briefly describing the standard death benefit. Registrants will instead provide standard death benefit information with all other standard and optional benefits, as discussed below.

One commenter stated that “the concept of a `standard' death benefit generally does not apply to [variable life insurance] contracts.” The commenter noted that instead, variable life insurance contracts generally offer a choice of two or three death benefit options, none of which is standard.^[222] This commenter recommended retaining a standalone section of the initial summary prospectus to describe variable life insurance contract death benefits, but suggested eliminating “Standard” from the heading, to be simply re-titled “Death Benefits.” This commenter also stated that the initial summary prospectus should summarize death benefit information rather than requiring almost all the information about death benefits in the variable life insurance contract's statutory prospectus.

In response to these comments, we are revising the rule to clarify that “standard death benefits” exclude optional or supplemental death benefits available for a separate charge.^[223] To the extent that variable life insurance contracts present investors with a choice among several death benefit options whose costs are already reflected in the base contract, we believe that those options should be disclosed as part of the “standard death benefit” disclosures. To the extent that death benefits are available for a separate charge, those benefits should be presented as part of the section “Other Benefits Available Under the Contract.” ^[224] We are retaining the heading “Standard Death Benefits” in the initial summary prospectus to distinguish the standard variable life insurance contract death benefits from any optional death benefits.

As proposed, the rule requires disclosure of the forms the benefit may take and the form of benefit that will be provided if a particular form has not been selected, which should address the issue raised by the commenter regarding the various death benefit options that are generally offered by variable life insurance contracts. We are adopting the rule, as proposed, to require an initial summary prospectus for variable life insurance contracts to include certain key information regarding those standard death benefits.^[225] Among other things, the initial summary prospectus requires, for each standard death benefit, when the insurance coverage is effective, when the death benefit is calculated and payable, how the death benefit is calculated, who has the right to choose the form of benefit and the procedure for choosing the form of benefit, the forms the benefit may take, and whether there is a minimum death benefit guarantee associated with the contract.

Finally, as proposed, under the registration form amendments, variable life insurance registrants will include in the statutory prospectus more detailed disclosures relating to standard death benefits, including how an investor may change the face amount of the death benefit, and how contract values and death benefits are affected by the investment performance of the portfolio companies, expenses, and deduction of charges. This additional information may help an investor who wants to understand the mechanics of how standard death benefits operate later in the contract lifecycle. However, we are not requiring that additional information to be included in the initial summary prospectus because we believe it would not be as critical to a basic initial understanding of the benefits, including any risks and limitations.

[Other] Benefits Available Under the Contract

We are requiring, largely as proposed, registrants to summarize standard and optional benefits available to the investor under the contract. We understand that insurers commonly consider these types of benefits to be primary features of variable contracts.^[226] Because these benefits are also often key differentiators between competing products, we are requiring, largely as proposed, specific disclosures in both the statutory prospectus and the initial summary prospectus.

As discussed above, variable annuity contracts will not have a standalone section for standard death benefits, so we are retitling the heading for this section “Benefits Available Under the Contract” and requiring this summary table to include information about any standard and optional annuity or other living benefits, as well as any standard and optional death benefits that the variable annuity contract offers.^[227] Since variable life insurance contracts will disclose standard death benefits in a separate section of the prospectus, in this section they will disclose non-standard death benefits (i.e., optional or supplemental death benefits available for a separate charge) as well as living contract benefits (such as income benefits, disability riders, long-term care insurance) under the heading “Other Benefits Available Under the Contract.” ^[228] For purposes of this discussion, we refer to this table in the variable annuity and variable life insurance contract registration forms as the Benefits Table.

Because benefit terms can be complex, we are requiring the information to be provided in a uniform tabular presentation to make these important disclosures easier for investors to read, understand, and compare. Largely as proposed, the Benefits Table requires the name of each benefit, its purpose, whether the benefit is standard or optional, and a brief description of limitations or restrictions.^[229]

In a change from the proposal, we are requiring the Benefits Table in Forms N-3 and N-4 to disclose the maximum fees (as a stated percentage of contract value, benefit base, etc.) associated with each benefit listed in the table(s), and revising the table heading to state “Maximum Fee.” ^[230] Our proposal would have required disclosure of “associated fees,” but several commenters asked for clarification regarding whether registrants should disclose the maximum or current fees associated with the benefits, and whether fees could change over time.^[231]

Variable contracts typically include provisions that allow insurers to increase the fees associated with benefits up to a maximum charge, which can be significantly higher than the current fee. To help investors understand how much fees can be raised over time, we are revising the proposed instructions to the Benefits Table to clarify that registrants must disclose the maximum charge that investors could pay for each benefit.^[232] Also in a change from the proposal, the final instructions to this table in Forms N-3 and N-4 will permit registrants to disclose the current charge in a separate column, if the disclosure of the current charge is no more prominent than, and does not obscure or impede understanding of, the disclosure of the maximum charge.^[233] Collectively, this parallels the presentation of these charges in the Fee Table included in Forms N-3 and N-4.^[234]

For variable life products registered on Form N-6, where fees are based in part on the personal characteristics of the insured, we recognize that a maximum fee applicable to an insured in the highest possible mortality risk category (e.g., an elderly smoker) may not be relevant to a typical investor. For these reasons, this item in Form N-6 does not require disclosure of maximum fees, but instead requires a statement explaining that the Fee Table contains information about the fees for each benefit.^[235] We are adopting this requirement as proposed.

Under the form amendments, a registrant must include in the statutory prospectus the Benefits Table, as well as additional disclosures in narrative form relating to benefits, such as further descriptions of each benefit, whether it is standard or optional, descriptions of the benefits' limitations, restrictions and risks, and one or more examples illustrating the operation of each benefit.^[236] We believe that requiring the initial summary prospectus to include only the Benefits Table and not the additional narrative disclosures is appropriate for the scope of the initial summary prospectus.^[237] Consistent with the layered disclosure approach, investors who want more information about benefits may refer to the more extensive narrative disclosures in the contract statutory prospectus. Because the initial summary prospectus is intended for new investors and limited to features that are currently offered, benefits that are no longer available should not be included in the Benefits Table in the summary prospectus, but should be described in the statutory prospectus.^[238]

We are also adopting, as proposed, instructions that allow registrants offering multiple benefits of the same type (e.g., death benefit, accumulation benefit, withdrawal benefit, long-term care benefit, etc.) to use multiple tables to provide the required information, if doing so might better permit comparisons of those benefits.^[239] Registrants may also include appropriate titles, headings, or other information that might promote clarity and facilitate understanding of the table(s).^[240] For example, if certain benefits are only available to certain investors, or are mutually exclusive, the table could include headings to identify which benefits are affected and to whom they are available. These instructions are designed to accommodate the variety of benefits currently offered or that might be offered in the future, and provide registrants flexibility in presenting this information.

One commenter suggested that a one-page description of each rider may be more appropriate than the proposed Benefits Table.^[241] In reacting to the Benefits Table contained in the hypothetical initial summary prospectus, some commenters also asked for more information, including how much a benefit pays, the likelihood that a benefit will pay out, and how much can be withdrawn annually.^[242] While we recognize that the information in the Benefits Table only provides a brief description of the benefits, we believe that because variable contract features are typically complex, even a short description of each benefit available under the contract could significantly expand the length of what is designed to be a short and concise document. Because we believe retail investors are more likely to read a shorter document that briefly tells them about benefits available under the contract, and since more information will be available in the full contract prospectus,^[243] we are not requiring the Benefits Table in the initial summary prospectus to include more information about those benefits.

Buying the Contract (for Variable Annuity Contracts) and Premiums (for Variable Life Insurance Contracts)

We are adopting, largely as proposed, the requirement that the initial summary prospectus include a brief description of the procedures for purchasing the variable contract (and premiums, in the case of variable life insurance contracts), under the heading “Buying the Contract” for variable annuity contracts, and “Premiums” for variable life insurance contracts.^[244] We believe this information should be included in the initial summary prospectus so investors have a clear understanding of how they can purchase the variable contract.

For variable annuity contracts, this will include a concise explanation of the minimum initial and subsequent purchase payments required, any limitations on the amount of purchase payments (such as when the selection of certain optional benefits may limit additional purchase payments), as well as a statement of when such payments are credited.^[245] For variable life insurance contracts, this will include a description of the purchase procedures, premium amount, and premium due dates.^[246]

One commenter noted that as proposed, the initial summary prospectus for variable life insurance contracts would include virtually all of the information required to be in the Premiums section of the variable life insurance statutory prospectus, and asked that we instead permit a brief summary of the specified premium information.^[247] In response to the commenter's suggestion, we are revising the rule to require an initial summary prospectus for variable life insurance contracts to include only certain key information regarding premiums.^[248] Among other things, the initial summary prospectus requires registrants on Form N-6 to describe the provisions of the contract that relate to premiums and the procedures for purchasing a contract, the factors that determine the amount of any required premiums, and the provisions of the contract that relate to premium due dates and the operation of any grace period.

We believe this information should be included in the initial summary prospectus so investors have a clear understanding of how they can purchase the variable contract, but we are persuaded by the commenter that a more concise summary that is limited to key information regarding premiums is more likely to be useful to investors and is appropriate for the initial summary prospectus. We also note that, as proposed, additional information on purchases and premiums will appear in the statutory prospectus. For example, the statutory prospectus will also include information on the manner in which purchase or premium payments are credited, and the identity of each principal underwriter.^[249]

Contract Lapse (for Variable Life Insurance Contracts)

We are adopting, largely as proposed, the requirement that the initial summary prospectus for a variable life insurance contract include certain information about the possibility of contract lapse, under the heading “How Your Contract Can Lapse.” ^[250] Specifically, the initial summary prospectus must briefly describe when and under what circumstances a variable life insurance contract will lapse, any lapse options, the effect of the lapse and under what circumstances such a contract may be reinstated. Because inadvertent contract lapse could negate the insurance benefit of a policy to an investor, possibly at significant cost,^[251] understanding the risk of contract lapse is important when deciding whether to invest in a variable life insurance contract.

The Commission proposed that the initial summary prospectus would include the same information on contract lapse that would appear in the contract statutory prospectus. One commenter suggested that, consistent with a layered disclosure approach, the initial summary prospectus should only include a brief summary of the lapse and reinstatement information required in the full statutory prospectus.^[252] In response to comments and consistent with our layered disclosure approach, we are revising the rule to require an initial summary prospectus for variable life insurance contracts to include only certain key information regarding contract lapse.^[253] We were persuaded by the commenter that a more concise summary that is limited to key information regarding premiums is more likely to be useful to investors and is appropriate for the initial summary prospectus. Among other things, the initial summary prospectus requires registrants on Form N-6 to state when and under what circumstances a contract can lapse, the effect of lapse, and under what circumstances a contract may be reinstated.

Surrenders or Withdrawals

Largely as proposed, the initial summary prospectus must include certain information about contract surrenders or withdrawals, under the heading “Making Withdrawals: Accessing the Money in Your Contract.” ^[254] This will include a brief summary on how to surrender (or partially surrender or make withdrawals from) a variable contract, including any limits on the ability to surrender, how withdrawal and surrender proceeds are calculated, and when they are payable.

Several commenters observed that investors would also benefit from a description of the negative consequences of partial withdrawals on death and living benefits.^[255] We agree that such information would be useful for investors, and have revised the relevant form requirements to additionally require the initial summary prospectus to briefly describe the potential impact of such surrenders or withdrawals.^[256] Given that variable contracts are long-term investments that may entail high surrender fees, it is important to clearly explain the withdrawal and surrender terms to new variable contract investors, including the consequences of withdrawals on death and living benefits. To clarify the scope of paragraph (a), and to simplify this item in general, we are also removing references to “partial surrender” and “partial withdrawal” (which both have the same meaning as “withdrawal”) so that this item will only refer to “surrender” and “withdrawal,” which we believe are more plain English.^[257]

Additional information on surrenders and withdrawals will appear in the statutory prospectus. For example, the statutory prospectus must include more detailed information on surrenders and withdrawals, sub-account allocation, involuntary redemptions, and revocation rights (free look period).^[258]

Additional Information About Fees

As proposed, the initial summary prospectus must include the Fee Table (including, for variable annuity contracts, the expense example), that will appear in the statutory prospectus, under the heading “Additional Information About Fees.” ^[259] The Fee Table provides detailed information on the fees and expenses investors will pay when buying, owning, and surrendering the contract, as well as those paid each year during the time the investor owns the contract.^[260] We are also adopting, largely as proposed, certain amendments to the Fee Table for each type of variable contract, as discussed below in Section II.C.2.d.

We are requiring the Fee Table in both the statutory prospectus and the initial summary prospectus because investor understanding of variable contract fees is particularly important given these products' layered fee structure and typically higher costs relative to other investment products. The Fee Table is intended to complement and build upon the high-level summary of contract fees and expenses in the Key Information Table by providing additional detail for those investors who may wish to review more comprehensive fee and expense information.^[261]

We understand that some registrants currently prepare supplements to the contract prospectus that detail and modify certain fees and rates under the variable contract applicable to new investors (“rate sheets”). Current fees, withdrawal rates, and crediting rates associated with various contract benefits (for new sales) can change so frequently as to make filing of post-effective amendments to the registration statement with each change impractical. Instead, updated disclosure of current levels of these fees and rates is accomplished by filing a rate sheet as a supplement under rule 497 under the Securities Act. Because a rate sheet is no different than a change to any other term in the prospectus, the rate sheet approach permits the filing of a 497 filing instead of a rule 485(a) filing to implement that material change.

Several commenters sought clarification regarding when a change to the contract would require the filing of a rate sheet supplement for an initial summary prospectus, and about the corresponding delivery obligations for rate sheet supplements.^[262] As we noted in the proposal, we do not believe that the summary prospectus framework will affect the current practice of using rate sheets. When a rate (relating to fees, withdrawal rates, crediting rates, etc.) disclosed in any prospectus (initial, updating, or statutory) changes, the prospectus must be updated with the new rate and the update filed with the Commission, and the revised disclosures must be provided to investors affected by the rate change.^[263]

Two commenters suggested that instead of filing rate sheets, insurers should provide current rates to investors as marketing materials at the point of sale.^[264] Because a variable contract's fees and rates are material information, we do not believe relegating this information to marketing materials is sufficient, and are not making the suggested change.

Appendix: Portfolio Companies/Investment Options Available Under the Contract

We are requiring, largely as proposed, an initial summary prospectus to include an appendix, under the heading “Appendix: Portfolio Companies/Investment Options Available Under the Contract,” that provides summary information in a tabular form about the portfolio companies or investment options offered under the contract.^[265] Commenters generally supported our proposal to include this Appendix in the initial summary prospectus.^[266] While no commenters opposed the Appendix, we did receive a number of recommendations to modify certain aspects of the Appendix, some of which we are incorporating into the final version. In addition, we are making certain other changes discussed below.

Format/Scope. Because the investment experience of a variable contract investor will largely depend on his or her selection of portfolio companies (or investment options in the case of a variable annuity registered on Form N-3), we believe it is important for investors to receive an overview of the portfolio companies and investment options available under the contract in a uniform tabular presentation that promotes comparison, and are requiring, as proposed, the format specified in the introductory sentence of the relevant form item.^[267] The Commission also proposed an instruction that registrants only include portfolio companies that are currently offered under the contract, and we are adopting this instruction with a modification, as described below.^[268]

One commenter asked us to clarify whether the “currently offered” standard includes portfolio company options in which current, but not new, investors are permitted to invest (“soft closed” fund options).^[269] This commenter suggested that an instruction be added to the Appendix specifying that soft closed fund options should not be included in the Appendix appearing in an initial summary prospectus, but should be included in the Appendix appearing in an updating summary prospectus and in a Statutory Prospectus, with an explanation (in a footnote or otherwise) of the limited availability of the options.

We are modifying the form instruction to state that the Appendix must only include portfolio companies that are investment options under the contract (not just those that are “currently offered,” as proposed), and clarifying that registrants must indicate if investments in any of the portfolio companies offered under the contract are subject to a restriction (because of a “soft” or “hard” close).^[270] This change is designed to require summary and statutory prospectuses to include all of the portfolio companies available under the contract in the Appendix, not just those that are currently offered. However, because the initial summary prospectus may describe only a single contract currently offered for sale,^[271] the Appendix will only list the portfolio companies that are investment options under that particular contract.

Contents. The Commission proposed that the Appendix include separate columns for each portfolio company's type (e.g., money market fund, bond fund, balanced fund, etc.) or investment objective; the name of the portfolio company and its adviser or subadviser (as applicable); the portfolio company's expense ratio (expenses/average assets and, in the case of Form N-3, explicitly excluding optional benefit expenses); and its average annual total returns over the past 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year periods (in the case of Form N-3, explicitly excluding optional benefit expenses).^[272]

Type or Investment Objective

Regarding the proposed requirement that the Appendix include the portfolio company's type or investment objective, one commenter recommended that we require only the investment type (or primary asset class), which is similar to 401(k) fee disclosures, and not the investment objective.^[273] Another commenter, which conducted its own online survey of variable annuity investors regarding certain aspects of the proposed Appendix, stated that its testing indicates that “if either `Investment Objective' information or `Investment Type' (i.e., one of these data fields, but not both) were to be included in the Appendix, “Investment Objective” would be more useful to investors.” ^[274] In light of these varying comments, we continue to believe that it is appropriate to permit registrants the flexibility to choose the approach they believe most clearly and effectively communicates a portfolio company's investment category to retail investors, and are adopting this aspect of the Appendix as proposed.^[275]

Name of Portfolio Company and Its Adviser or Subadviser

In response to our proposal to include a column with the name of each portfolio company and its adviser or subadviser, one commenter stated that that the Appendix should only identify sub-advisers “whose actions are likely to impact the fund significantly,” and an instruction should limit the requirement to sub-advisers that are responsible for a significant portion of a portfolio company's net assets, consistent with the approach for mutual funds.^[276] We agree, and have modified the relevant instruction to mirror the approach in Form N-1A for consistency between the forms.^[277]

Portfolio Company Expenses and Performance

A number of commenters opposed our proposal to require the Appendix to include each portfolio company's expense ratio and/or performance information.^[278] One commenter stated that insurers should not be responsible for disclosing specific data that is in each portfolio company's prospectus, and would be available at the website specified in the legend for the summary prospectus.^[279] Several recommended eliminating this requirement, and replacing it with a legend or cross-reference stating where and how up-to-date portfolio company data can be obtained (e.g., on portfolio company and insurance company websites).^[280] Two commenters suggested that electronic versions of the summary prospectus should be required to include direct links to the portfolio company summaries in the Appendix.^[281]

Commenters also opposed this requirement asserting that gathering the information for each portfolio company offered under a contract would be administratively burdensome (and in some cases, potentially infeasible given filing-related timing constraints).^[282] They explained that insurers must rely on the portfolio companies to transmit their current expense ratios to them in time to meet the variable contracts' registration statement filing (and printing and mailing) deadlines. They noted that because portfolio companies often do not finalize their expense information until shortly before they file their annual registration statement updates, there is a very narrow window of time for insurers to collect, verify, and incorporate current portfolio company expense ratios into the variable contract prospectuses, which, like portfolio company prospectuses, must be filed by May 1.^[283] Several commenters suggested there would also be operational and timing challenges associated with obtaining portfolio company performance data.^[284]

Commenters also expressed concern about being dependent on the cooperation of third-parties (particularly unaffiliated portfolio companies) to obtain the required portfolio company data in time to include the information in their variable contract initial summary (and other) prospectuses.^[285] One commenter recalled that Form N-4 previously required expense ratios for each portfolio company in the Fee Table, stating “that requirement was later eliminated, and in this respect, the proposed requirement represents a step backwards.” ^[286]

Two commenters also opposed including portfolio company performance in the Appendix on the grounds that performance would be quickly become outdated, whereas more current and frequently updated performance data is generally available online.^[287] They expressed concern that having to disclose portfolio company performance, in addition to the expense ratios, would further exacerbate the timing and operational challenges associated with disclosing this information in the Appendix.

We recognize these timing and coordination concerns, and that these challenges increase for variable contracts that offer contracts with a large number of portfolio companies. Regarding portfolio expense information, however, insurers currently must obtain current expense ratios for each portfolio company to ensure the accuracy of the range of lowest and highest portfolio company expenses in the Fee Table—a requirement that we leave undisturbed in this document. In addition, the fact that some insurers provide expense information for each portfolio company shows that it is currently feasible to obtain and disclose this information,^[288] and may soon be easier with the aid of new technology solutions.^[289]

We acknowledge, as one commenter noted, that Form N-4 previously required expense ratios for each portfolio company in the Fee Table. However, as explained in the 2002 Adopting Release, the Commission removed the requirement in an effort to streamline the Fee Table, which had grown lengthy and complex, and instead required Form N-4 registrants to disclose a range showing the lowest and highest expenses for portfolio companies available under the contract.^[290] We are now once again requiring disclosure of portfolio company expense information—but in the Appendix, as opposed to the Fee Table. As discussed below we believe that it is appropriate to require this disclosure, particularly in light of the portfolio company prospectus delivery option we are adopting.

Regarding the concern that obtaining portfolio company performance data may also present operational and timing challenges for insurers, we note that a portfolio company's performance information must be included in its annual report that is typically filed and publicly available by early March,^[291] which should provide sufficient time for a registrant to obtain such information before the variable contracts' registration statement annual update must be filed. As is the case with the portfolio company expense information, the portfolio company performance information is also part of the risk/return summary that will be tagged using the Inline XBRL format.

We are also concerned that eliminating portfolio company fee and performance data from the Appendix, as commenters suggest, will not benefit investors. We believe it is important for investors to receive an overview of the portfolio companies and investment options available under the contract in a uniform tabular presentation that promotes comparison, and designed the Appendix with that in mind. A portfolio company's expense ratio and performance provide key information that, if eliminated from the Appendix, would significantly reduce its usefulness to investors. We do not believe an Appendix that provides a legend or cross-reference stating where a portfolio company's prospectus may be found allows investors to as efficiently and effectively compare investment options as one that includes expense and performance information. Moreover, once an investor has purchased a variable contract, information about portfolio companies is the most important information he or she needs when considering how to invest new premiums and whether to reallocate current contract values to different investment options.^[292] In a layered disclosure regime, including portfolio company expense and performance information in the updating summary prospectus is the type of key information that we believe should be provided to investors.

In addition, the Appendix is designed to help facilitate the new optional portfolio company delivery option. Investors in contracts registered on Forms N-4 and N-6 currently receive portfolio company prospectuses at or shortly after the point of sale, as well as each portfolio company's updated prospectus each year. As discussed below, under rule 498A, portfolio company prospectus delivery obligations may be satisfied if the portfolio company summary and statutory prospectuses are posted at the website address specified on the variable contract summary prospectus.^[293]

The Appendix is designed to complement the portfolio company prospectuses in a layered disclosure approach to provide the investor with an ability to choose the amount and type of information he or she prefers to review. For investors that do not choose to review portfolio company prospectuses posted at the specified website, the Appendix may contain all the information they receive about their investment options. If we were to eliminate fee and performance information from the Appendix, as some commenters suggest, a new investor (who would have previously received the prospectuses) would have the burden of locating, obtaining, and reviewing the prospectus for each portfolio company available under the contract to discern the very information we are proposing to require insurers to include in the Appendix. We believe that instead of shifting more responsibility to the investor, registrants should supply the portfolio company fee and performance information in the Appendix. Accordingly, we are requiring, largely as proposed, the Appendix to include portfolio company expense and performance information, with certain modifications as discussed below.

Several commenters asked that, consistent with parallel requirements for open-end funds set forth in Form N-1A, we permit insurers to disclose, in addition to the gross expense ratio, a portfolio company's net expense ratio, and require those that choose to do so to include a footnote explaining the effect of waivers on portfolio company expenses.^[294] One commenter, in viewing the Appendix in the hypothetical initial summary prospectus, asked whether the expense ratio was gross or net, and if the expense ratio was derived from the portfolio company prospectus, which would reflect the current fee, or its annual report, which would reflect the previous year's expense ratio.^[295]

After considering these comments, in a change from the proposal, we are requiring registrants to disclose under the column heading “Current Expenses,” the expense ratio currently charged by each portfolio company offered under the contract.^[296] We believe that current expenses provide more pertinent information to investors than gross expenses in the case of portfolio companies operating pursuant to an expense reimbursement or fee waiver arrangement.^[297] To alert investors that the costs for some portfolio companies could increase, we are requiring registrants, in a change from the proposal, to identify each portfolio company subject to an expense reimbursement or fee waiver arrangement, and provide a footnote stating that annual expenses reflect temporary fee reductions.^[298]

We are also modifying the Appendix requirements to account for fund facilitation fees, or “platform charges” as they may more commonly be understood by investors.^[299] We believe that all the charges associated with choosing a particular portfolio company should be presented in the Appendix, not just those charged at the portfolio company level. If a registrant charges a platform charge for any portfolio company, the Appendix must include a separate column that discloses the current platform charge associated with any portfolio company offered under the contract, along with a separate column that sums the portfolio company's current expenses plus any platform charge.^[300] In addition, the column that discloses each portfolio company that has a platform charge must include a footnote indicating the highest level to which any relevant platform charge may be increased.^[301]

To help investors identify the most relevant disclosures among the various combinations of portfolio company expenses and platform charges, the column displaying the sum of the portfolio company's current expenses plus platform charges must be presented in a manner reasonably calculated to draw investor attention to that column.^[302] In addition, the legend preceding the table in the Appendix must also state that the current expenses and performance columns displayed in the table do not reflect the other fees and expenses that the contract may charge, such as platform charges.^[303]

One commenter recommended that we remove the proposed Annual Contract Expenses column from the Investment Option Appendix for Form N-3 registrants because it duplicates information in the Fee Table.^[304] We believe some duplication is warranted to ensure that investors have key data, including expense information, about the available investment options located in one place. In addition, because the updating summary prospectus does not include a Fee Table, providing expense information in the Appendix ensures that current investors also receive the information. For these reasons, we are not making the requested change.

In a change from the proposal, we are revising the disclosure requirements for registrants on Form N-3 to clarify that if the registrant is a multiple class fund, the registrant only needs to disclose expenses and performance for one class.^[305] Investors who wish to obtain more information about portfolio company expenses for other classes can consult the information presented in the Fee Table.^[306] The Appendix is intended to facilitate the ability of investors to compare the portfolio companies available under the contract, and therefore changes that would equally affect the expenses and performance of all portfolio companies, such as changes due to class, would not be helpful in facilitating the ability of investors to select a particular portfolio company. This issue is not relevant for registrants on Forms N-4 and N-6 because those are two-tiered products with separate expenses at the contract level and the portfolio company level (e.g., changes in expenses due to class will not be reflected in the expenses of portfolio company).

Some commenters had specific suggestions or concerns regarding the performance information. One commenter recommended permitting variable contracts to include a statement telling investors where and how they could obtain more current portfolio company performance information.^[307] We agree that this information is useful for investors and consistent with our layered disclosure approach, and are modifying the form instructions to permit such information to be included in the legend immediately preceding the table in the Appendix.^[308]

Three commenters stated that portfolio company performance data could be misleading or confusing because it would not reflect recurring separate account or contract charges, and it could conflict with the variable contract performance information contained in other materials that do include these charges.^[309] To address these concerns, we are modifying the item requirements to clarify what is (and is not) included in the performance and expense information in the Appendix.^[310]

Two commenters asked that the performance information be permitted to include returns for the life of the fund if in existence for more than 10 years, to align with mutual fund disclosure requirements.^[311] Because we believe that presenting performance over 1, 5, and 10 year periods makes it easier for investors to compare fund performance, and because as part of the layered disclosure framework returns for the life of the fund are in a portfolio company's summary prospectus, which will be available online or upon request, we are not making this suggested change.

Several commenters asked for the Appendix to convey information about the risks associated with investment options.^[312] To make the Appendix more approachable for investors, we designed it to be concise, including only certain information about the available portfolio companies. Because variable contracts commonly offer hundreds of portfolio companies, and each portfolio company may have many risks, requiring risk information could quickly expand the length of the Appendix, which would make it less useful for investors and therefore we are not adopting this suggestion.

The Commission proposed that if the availability of one or more portfolio companies varies by benefit offered under the contract, registrants would be required to include another table that showed which portfolio companies were available under each of those benefits.^[313] One commenter strongly opposed this second tabular presentation, stating it would be difficult, and in some cases infeasible, for insurers to distill the numerous possible variations in investment restrictions, clearly and concisely, into the simple table suggested by the proposed forms and the hypothetical initial summary prospectus.^[314] This commenter also stated that the proposed disclosure about benefit-related investment restrictions in “Other Benefits Available under the Contract” provides investors with a clear understanding that not all portfolio companies or investment options may be available for investment, with additional information about such restrictions in the statutory prospectus. Another commenter stated that the investment option table could be lengthy, especially since the restrictions change over time (even for the same contract benefit), and recommended removing this disclosure requirement if the insurer imposes guardrails that prevent an investor from violating these investment restrictions.^[315]

We are requiring the Appendix in the initial summary prospectus (as well as the updating summary and statutory prospectuses) to indicate which portfolio companies are subject to benefit-related investment restrictions.^[316] We recognize that providing a reader-friendly tabular depiction of the investment limitations associated with certain variable contracts may be challenging for certain insurers, particularly those that offer multiple optional benefits, or benefits that have complicated investment restrictions. However, we believe the initial summary prospectus should alert investors which portfolio companies are (or are not) available for investment depending on the optional benefit they choose, as that information could affect their investment decisions. The initial summary prospectus will be limited to a single contract currently available for sale, which by its nature will limit the number of variations, and thus complexity, of the benefit-related investment restrictions insurers will be required to disclose to new purchasers.^[317]

In contrast, we believe it may be more difficult to succinctly condense all the investment-related restrictions associated with multiple optional benefits for multiple contracts over a period of years in an updating summary prospectus, which, as discussed below, may describe multiple contracts.^[318] However, because a current investor's optional benefits may be voided if he or she inadvertently fails to comply with certain investment limitations, we believe the updating summary prospectus should, at a minimum, alert investors that restrictions apply.

Accordingly, and in response to comments,^[319] we are revising the instruction to provide greater flexibility to registrants in depicting such information to investors.^[320] In addition, we are requiring additional disclosure in the legend preceding the Appendix alerting investors that, depending on the optional benefits they choose, they may not be able to invest in certain portfolio companies.^[321] This approach is designed to minimize the Appendix's length and complexity, while addressing investor protection concerns. Accordingly, this flexibility may encourage issuers to develop more concise and effective ways to present the information to investors.

Legends. We are requiring, largely as proposed, certain legends to precede the table in the Appendix. We are modifying certain aspects of the proposed legends to provide a more straightforward presentation, as suggested by several commenters, as well as to highlight investor attention to potential investment limitations, as discussed above.^[322]

The first paragraph of the legend must state, as proposed: “The following is a list of [Investment Options/Portfolio Companies] available under the Contract.” ^[323] In a change from the proposal, for registrants on Forms N-4 and N-6 for which the availability of portfolio company options varies by benefit offered under the contract, the legend will also state, “[d]epending on the optional benefits you choose under the Contract, you may not be able to invest in certain Portfolio Companies.”

As proposed, the legend will provide an internet address to a landing page, toll-free telephone number, and email address that investors could use to obtain portfolio company statutory and summary prospectuses.^[324] For registrants on Form N-3, the legend will direct investors to the cover page of the initial summary prospectus to request the statutory prospectus for the registrant containing more information about the investment options.^[325] The legend also could indicate, if applicable, that prospectuses and other information are available from a financial intermediary (such as an insurance agent or broker-dealer) distributing the contract.^[326]

We had proposed the second paragraph of the legend to state:

The performance information below reflects fees and expenses of the [Portfolio Companies], but does not reflect the other fees and expenses that your contract may charge. Performance would be lower if these charges were included. Each [Portfolio Company's] past performance is not necessarily an indication of future performance.

We are requiring, with some modifications from the proposal, the second paragraph of the legend for variable contracts registered on Forms N-4 and N-6 to state as follows:

The expense and performance information below reflects fees and expenses of the Portfolio Companies, but does not reflect the other fees and expenses that your Contract may charge [, such as platform charges].^[327] Expenses would be higher and performance would be lower if these charges were included. Each Portfolio Company's past performance is not necessarily an indication of future performance.^[328]

These revisions are intended to streamline the legends in response to commenters' concerns, to clarify which charges are, and are not, included in the performance calculation, and to tell investors where they can find current performance information.

In contrast, because insurance charges are already reflected in the expenses and performance of the investment options for contracts registered on Form N-3, the second paragraph of the legend for variable annuities registered on Form N-3 will state, largely as proposed: ^[329]

The current expenses and performance information below reflects contract fees and expenses that are paid by each investor. Each Investment Option's past performance is not necessarily an indication of future performance.^[330]

Form N-3. For variable contracts registered on Form N-3, registrants may omit the required Appendix and instead provide more detailed disclosures for the investment options offered under the contract required by Item 19 of amended Form N-3.^[331] Item 19 requires narrative disclosure for each investment option regarding its investment objectives and principal investment strategies, and principal risks of investing in the investment option, and a bar chart and table showing the performance of the investment option modeled after the risk/return bar chart and table that Form N-1A currently requires.^[332]

2. Updating Summary Prospectus

a. Overview

Today, variable contract investors are typically sent a copy of the updated current contract statutory prospectus each year.^[333] New rule 498A permits a person to satisfy contract prospectus delivery obligations with respect to existing investors by sending or giving an updating summary prospectus in lieu of the statutory prospectus.^[334]

The comments we received relating to the updating summary prospectus were generally supportive.^[335] Although commenters did not raise broad objections to this aspect of our proposal, they raised concerns with and/or requested clarification on specific issues, as discussed in more detail below. We are adopting the proposed updating summary prospectus framework substantially as proposed, with some modifications in response to issues raised by commenters.

As discussed in the Proposing Release, we are not requiring that registrants send a current initial summary prospectus to investors each year, due in part to the cost to maintain and update separate initial summary prospectuses for currently offered variable contracts and those no longer offered to new investors. Additionally, we believe that existing investors would benefit more from a brief summary of the changes to the contract reflected in the statutory prospectus than from the disclosures in the initial summary prospectus, which is designed for someone making an initial investment decision.

We have therefore designed the updating summary prospectus to provide a brief description of any important changes with respect to the contract that occurred within the prior year, which will allow investors to better focus their attention on new or updated information relating to the contract. Additionally, as proposed, the updating summary prospectus will include certain of the information required in the initial summary prospectus that we consider most relevant to investors when considering additional investment decisions.

Finally, as proposed, a registrant may only use an updating summary prospectus if it uses an initial summary prospectus for each currently offered contract described under the contract statutory prospectus to which the updating summary prospectus relates.^[336] We believe that making the use of the updating summary prospectus contingent on use of the initial summary prospectus for each currently offered contract will encourage registrants to utilize the summary prospectus framework and provide a more consistent disclosure experience to investors.

Several commenters sought clarification regarding whether insurers could use an updating summary prospectus even if the insurer did not provide an initial summary prospectus to existing investors that previously received a full statutory prospectus.^[337] Under new rule 498A, an insurer could use an updating summary prospectus even if the insurer did not provide an initial summary prospectus to an existing investor that previously received a full statutory prospectus. The rule only requires an insurer to use an initial summary prospectus for each currently offered contract described in the statutory prospectus if the insurer wishes to use an updating summary prospectus.^[338]

b. Contracts That May Be Included in the Updating Summary Prospectus

As proposed, the new rule permits the updating summary prospectus to describe one or more contracts covered in the statutory prospectus to which the updating summary prospectus relates.^[339] This scope is different than that of the initial summary prospectus, which may only cover a single contract that the registrant currently offers for sale.^[340] Similar to the initial summary prospectus, however, the new rule also permits an updating summary prospectus to describe more than one class of a contract.^[341]

Given the limited subset of information provided in the updating summary prospectus, we believe permitting registrants to combine multiple contracts will not cause investor confusion in the same way that combining disclosure about multiple contracts in the initial summary prospectus might.^[342] Furthermore, we understand that there are generally not a significant number of changes that occur to an individual contract year-over-year, and many of those changes (such as changes to the available portfolio companies or the addition of new optional benefits) typically apply across multiple contracts described in the same prospectus. We therefore believe the section describing contract changes, even if changes to multiple contracts are included, will not be overly lengthy, and will not prevent investors from reading or understanding the applicable disclosures.^[343] Finally, combining multiple contracts could make the updating summary prospectus significantly more efficient for registrants to produce and distribute.

Commenters widely agreed with the proposed approach, and supported the optionality to allow the updating summary prospectus to include multiple contracts under the statutory prospectus to which the summary prospectus relates.^[344] Accordingly, we are adopting this approach as proposed.

c. Preparation of the Updating Summary Prospectus

The following chart outlines the information required in an updating summary prospectus under new rule 498A. As proposed, along with specifying required cover page disclosures, the rule references particular disclosure items from Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6. The required information must appear in the same order, and under the relevant corresponding headings, as specified by the rule.^[345]

i. Cover Page and Table of Contents

Identifying Information. As proposed, the following information will be required to appear on the front cover page or at the beginning of the updating summary prospectus:

• The depositor's name;
• The name of the contract(s), and the class or classes, if any, to which the updating summary prospectus relates;
• A statement identifying the document as an “Updating Summary Prospectus”; and
• The approximate date of the first use of the updating summary prospectus.^[347]

Legend. The cover page or beginning of the updating summary prospectus is required to include the following legend:

The prospectus for the [Contract] contains more information about the [Contract], including its features, benefits, and risks. You can find the current prospectus and other information about the [Contract] online at [__]. You can also obtain this information at no cost by calling [__] or by sending an email request to [__].^[348]

Additional general information about certain investment products, including [variable annuities/variable life insurance contracts], has been prepared by the Securities and Exchange Commission's staff and is available at Investor.gov.^[349]

Like the cover page or beginning of the initial summary prospectus, the cover page or beginning of the updating summary prospectus will be required to include identifying information about the variable contract, as well as a legend including certain general information that will be applicable to all variable contracts. The portions of the legend that describe how to obtain further information about the contract, as well as the Investor.gov website, are identical to the parallel portions of the legend that will appear on the cover page or beginning of the initial summary prospectus.^[350] As with the initial summary prospectus, a registrant could modify this required legend so long as the modified legend includes comparable information.^[351] Likewise, the updating summary prospectus will also include a legend informing investors about the optional internet availability of shareholder reports, if applicable, pursuant to the requirements of rule 30e-3.^[352]

Similar to the initial summary prospectus, if a registrant incorporates any information by reference into the updating summary prospectus, the rule requires the registrant to include in the legend certain information about the document(s) from which the information was incorporated.^[353] The free look period legend that will appear on the cover page or beginning of the initial summary prospectus is not appropriate in the context of the updating summary prospectus, because the free look period is not applicable to additional investments after the initial purchase.

In response to requests from commenters urging that we streamline the legends where possible, the legend on the cover page or beginning of the updating summary prospectus also reflects certain streamlining changes that mirror revisions made to the parallel legend in the initial summary prospectus.^[354]

EDGAR Contract Identifier. As proposed, we are also requiring that the EDGAR contract identifier for each contract covered by the updating summary prospectus be included on the bottom of the back cover page or last page of the updating summary prospectus in a type size smaller than that generally used in the prospectus (e.g., 8-point modern type).^[355]

Table of Contents. As proposed, the new rule permits an updating summary prospectus, like the initial summary prospectus, to include a table of contents.^[356] A table of contents must show the page number of the various sections or subdivisions of the prospectus and must immediately follow the cover page in any prospectus delivered electronically.^[357]

ii. Content of the Updating Summary Prospectus

New rule 498A specifies the content and order required in an updating summary prospectus.^[358] Similar to the initial summary prospectus and the summary prospectus for mutual funds, adhering to these content requirements is one condition that an updating summary prospectus must satisfy in order to be deemed to be a prospectus that is permitted under Section 10(b) of the Securities Act and Section 24(g) of the Investment Company Act for the purposes of Section 5(b)(1) of the Securities Act.^[359]

(a) Description of Changes to the Contract

The updating summary prospectus is required to include a concise description of certain changes to the contract made after the date of the most recent updating summary prospectus or statutory prospectus that was sent or given to investors.^[360] As proposed, these changes include those that relate to (1) the availability of portfolio companies (or investment options under a variable annuity registered on Form N-3) under the contract,^[361] (2) the Fee Table,^[362] (3) the standard death benefit (for variable life insurance contracts),^[363] and (4) the benefits available under the contract.^[364]

In a change from the proposal, we are also requiring the updating summary prospectus to include a concise description of changes to other items that are included in an initial summary prospectus. Specifically, we are requiring a discussion of changes that relate to the Key Information Table,^[365] the overview of the contract,^[366] purchases and contract value (premiums for variable life insurance contracts),^[367] surrenders and withdrawals,^[368] and lapse (for variable life insurance contracts).^[369] Although we would not expect these additional items to change very frequently (for example, many relate to terms that are set by the contract or reflect Commission or state insurance regulatory requirements), given their importance, we believe that investors should be notified of any changes with respect to these items.

The updating summary prospectus also could include a concise description of any other changes to the contract that the registrant wishes to disclose, provided they occurred within the same time period.^[370] We believe that permitting—but not requiring—a concise description of any additional changes will provide flexibility to registrants to highlight for investors any additional changes.

These contract changes will be described under the heading “Updated Information About Your [Contract].” ^[371] This legend will be required to follow the heading:

The information in this Updating Summary Prospectus is a summary of certain [Contract] features that have changed since the [Updating Summary Prospectus] dated [date]. This may not reflect all of the changes that have occurred since you entered into your [Contract].^[372]

We designed this disclosure requirement in light of the fact that disclosures in a contract statutory prospectus do not change frequently, and we believe providing investors with notice and a brief description of any changes that do occur may be more informative than repeating all the disclosures each year. We believe that notice of these changes is particularly helpful, given that currently investors must determine which, if any, disclosures relevant to their particular contract have changed each year they receive the contract statutory prospectus. After receiving notice and a brief description of certain changes, an investor who then wishes to obtain more information on specific changes can consult the contract statutory prospectus to review related disclosures in more detail. We believe that highlighting certain key changes with respect to the contract in the updating summary prospectus will provide important information to investors that they can use in considering whether to continue making additional purchase payments or reallocate contract value.

The requirement to disclose contract-related changes to investors is particularly relevant for variable contracts, since the length of statutory prospectus disclosure may hinder investors in identifying important year-over-year changes to contract features. One commenter noted that “because investors currently obtain disclosure about contract changes in a piecemeal fashion through different sequential updating disclosure, it may be helpful and constructive for investors to have a list in one place about contract changes in the updating prospectus.” ^[373]

In providing a concise description of a contract-related change in the updating summary prospectus, registrants must provide enough detail to allow investors to understand the change and how it will affect them.^[374] For example, this could include stating that an optional benefit fee has changed from 1.5% to 1.7%, rather than stating that the fee has changed or increased, or specifically identifying each optional benefit that has changed (with a brief explanation of how), rather than generically stating that certain optional benefits are new or no longer available. As another example, if a portfolio company is no longer available under the contract to new investors although current investors may continue to make investments, this change should be disclosed in the discussion of changes to the contract, even though in the Appendix the portfolio company will have a footnote (or similar indication) alerting investors that investments in the portfolio company are restricted to current investors.

In the proposal, we had stated that “if a portfolio company's expense ratio has changed, a registrant generally should describe this in the body of the updating summary prospectus even though expense ratio information would also appear in the required appendix to the updating summary prospectus, in order to highlight this change to investors.” ^[375] Commenters asked whether the updating summary prospectus should, in the discussion of changes to the contract, disclose changes to the expense ratio of the portfolio companies.^[376] Because the Appendix will present updated portfolio company information as to portfolio company expenses (as well as performance), we do not expect changes to portfolio company expenses to be disclosed in the discussion of changes to the contract section, even in cases where the “Annual Portfolio Company Expenses” table in the Fee Table is changed to reflect a new range.

One commenter stated that the updating summary prospectus should be able to include changes that have occurred outside of the limited time period specified in proposed rule 498A.^[377] Because we are seeking to limit the amount of information in the updating summary prospectus to key information in order make it more approachable for investors, we decline to expand its scope to include information beyond the specified period. This commenter also stated that since the delivery of the last updating summary or statutory prospectus, insurers may have delivered supplements to those documents. As a result, highlighting and repeating those disclosures in the updating summary prospectus could be confusing. This commenter recommended we permit insurers to omit information that has been disclosed in a prior updating summary prospectus or statutory prospectus supplements delivered to investors (and if insurers include it, they should be able to clarify that the information was previously communicated).^[378] We do not share the commenter's concern that investors will become confused and in fact believe that permitting such omission could result in piecemeal disclosures that are less useful to investors, and are therefore not making the suggested change.^[379]

Another commenter suggested that we not require the delivery of an updating summary prospectus in the case of additional investments in a variable contract, as they will receive an updating summary prospectus annually, as well as prospectus supplements throughout the year, as necessary, for certain changes to the contract and/or portfolio company information.^[380] We agree with the commenter's interpretation and note that the Commission did not propose, and we are not adopting, a requirement to deliver an updating summary prospectus each time an investor makes an additional investment.^[381]

Key Information

As proposed, the updating summary prospectus must include the same Key Information Table that appears in the initial summary prospectus.^[382] As discussed above, this table streamlines certain important concepts about the variable contract in a presentation that is designed to be easy to read and navigate.^[383]

Because investors may make additional investments in the variable contract, we are requiring this disclosure in the updating summary prospectus to remind them of the contract's fees and expenses, risks, restrictions, tax implications, and investment professional compensation. Furthermore, we believe that an investor who continues to make investments in the variable contract (or to reallocate contract value)—not just an initial investor in the contract—should receive the benefit of this disclosure in a presentation that is intended to improve readability and readership.

Besides the brief description of contract-related changes and portfolio company/investment option Appendix discussed below, an updating summary prospectus will include only this Key Information Table as summary disclosure about the contract's key information, and will not also include the additional disclosure that the initial summary prospectus will include (for example, additional information about standard and optional contract benefits, or the contract Fee Table). We believe this is appropriate in the context of an updating summary prospectus for several reasons.

First, unless the investor invested prior to the registrant relying on rule 498A, the investor already will have received the initial summary prospectus (and have had access to the statutory prospectus), which includes this extra detail. Additionally, the updating summary prospectus draws on layered disclosure concepts, where the investor can access the more detailed statutory prospectus electronically (or in paper format on request) to complement the disclosure included in the updating summary prospectus.

An updating summary prospectus that describes multiple contracts could contain a separate Key Information Table for each contract, or use a different presentation approach that consistently discloses the required information for each contract in the required order.^[384] For example, if the only Key Information Table disclosure that will vary by contract is the fee information, a prospectus that describes multiple contracts could include a single Key Information Table that discloses separate fee information in the “Fees and Expenses” line-items for each contract.

One commenter opposed including the line-item for investment professional compensation in the Key Information Table, stating that once a contract has been purchased, information about investment professional compensation is not sufficiently relevant to be required in the table.^[385] Because investment professionals may present investors with other opportunities to invest in variable contracts, or encourage them to terminate an existing contract and then purchase or exchange into a new one, we believe it is important to remind investors about potential conflicts of interest, and are retaining the requirement, as proposed.

Appendix: Portfolio Companies/Investment Options Available Under the Contract

Finally, as proposed, the updating summary prospectus must include the Appendix, which provides summary information about the portfolio companies offered under the contract.^[386] This Appendix requirement is identical to the requirement for the Appendix in the initial summary prospectus.^[387] Like the requirement for the initial summary prospectus Appendix, Form N-3 registrants could omit the Appendix and instead provide the more detailed disclosures about the investment options offered under the contract that will be required by Item 19 of Form N-3.^[388]

Because the selection of portfolio companies or investment options will directly affect the performance, and often the available optional benefits, of the contract, we believe that it is necessary to provide basic information about the portfolio companies to ongoing investors in variable contracts. This disclosure is intended to remind investors of one of the most important decisions they face during the life cycle of a contract—that is, whether and where to allocate additional purchase payments and reallocate contract value among the portfolio companies or investment options available to them.^[389]

3. Interim Amendments to Contract Statutory Prospectuses

One commenter asked for clarity regarding when contract prospectuses and summary prospectuses must be updated, and when information related to those updates must be delivered to investors.^[390] We believe that the use of initial and updating summary prospectuses to satisfy prospectus delivery requirements generally should mirror today's summary prospectus delivery practices for mutual funds. To the extent there are amendments to the statutory prospectus that occur between annual updates (i.e., on an off-cycle basis) and an investor who received a summary prospectus makes a subsequent contribution to, or reallocates contract value within, their contract:

• If the amendment affects information contained in the current summary prospectus (including any of the four categories of changes that will be disclosed as part of the “Updated Information About Your [Contract]” section of an updating summary prospectus), we believe that the summary prospectus would be amended (e.g., by sticker or supplement) and the amendment provided to investors as necessary to meet any requirements to deliver a current statutory prospectus for the contract; ^[391] and

• If the amendment does not affect information contained in the current summary prospectus, we do not believe that the summary prospectus would be amended and therefore, no amendment would need to be provided to investors.

4. Legal Effect of Use of Summary Prospectus for Variable Contracts

Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act makes it unlawful to carry or cause to be carried a security for purposes of sale or for delivery after sale “unless accompanied or preceded” by a statutory prospectus.^[392] As proposed, new rule 498A provides that, for variable contract securities in an offering registered on Forms N-3, N-4, or N-6, the use of a summary prospectus could satisfy this Section 5(b)(2) obligation under certain conditions, described below.

First, a person relying on new rule 498A will be required to send or give a summary prospectus to an investor no later than the time of the “carrying or delivery” of the contract security.^[393] This summary prospectus will be an initial summary prospectus in the case of an initial purchase of a variable contract, or an updating summary prospectus in the case of additional investments in a variable contract previously purchased.^[394]

Second, the summary prospectus generally may not be bound together with any other materials, except portfolio company summary and statutory prospectuses may be bound together with the contract summary prospectus,^[395] subject to certain conditions.^[396] Third, the summary prospectus must meet the rule's content requirements for an initial summary prospectus or updating summary prospectus (as appropriate).^[397] Finally, the initial summary prospectus, updating summary prospectus, contract statutory prospectus, and contract SAI must be publicly accessible, free of charge, on a website in the manner that the rule specifies.^[398]

Failure to comply with any of these requirements will prevent a person from relying upon the rule 498A to meet its Section 5(b)(2) prospectus delivery obligations. Absent satisfaction of the Section 5(b)(2) obligation by other available means, a Section 5(b)(2) violation will result.^[399]

New rule 498A also provides that a communication relating to an offering registered on Forms N-3, N-4, or N-6 that a person sends or gives after the effective date of a variable contract's registration statement (other than a prospectus that Section 10 of the Securities Act permits or requires) will not be deemed a prospectus under Section 2(a)(10) of the Securities Act ^[400] if:

(1) It is proved that prior to or at the same time with such communication a summary prospectus was sent or given to the person to whom the communication was made;

(2) The summary prospectus meets the same binding requirements that we discuss in the immediately preceding paragraph;

(3) The summary prospectus that was sent or given satisfies the requirements for the initial summary prospectus or the updating summary prospectus, as applicable; and

(4) The initial summary prospectus, updating summary prospectus, contract statutory prospectus, and contract SAI are publicly accessible, free of charge, on a website in the manner that the rule specifies.^[401]

This provision of the final rule, which is modeled on a corresponding provision of rule 498,^[402] extends similar treatment to communications accompanied or preceded by a summary prospectus if all the provision's conditions are met. These communications remain subject to the general antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws.^[403]

Because we believe that all investors should receive the benefit of the succinct, investor-friendly disclosure that is included in the variable contract summary prospectus, all of the disclosure items that appear in the summary prospectus also will be required to appear in the statutory prospectus. In that respect, all variable contract investors, regardless of whether the product they choose has a summary prospectus, will have the benefit of improved disclosures in the statutory prospectus.

We received comments relating to the rule's conditions as to delivery of the summary prospectus. One commenter recommended that the summary prospectus should be delivered at the point of the investment recommendation,^[404] while another believed that retail investors should receive the initial summary prospectus “the earlier of `the time of the `carrying or delivery' of the contract' or 10 days in advance of the effective date of the contract” to allow time to make an educated investment decision and rescind the contract before the end of the free-look period.^[405] Because the proposed delivery requirement effectuates the requirements of a statutory provision, we are not modifying the timing of the prospectus delivery requirements, and are accordingly adopting this aspect of the rule as proposed.

Although the Commission did not propose a change to the delivery format (paper versus electronic) of summary prospectuses, we received a number of comments on this topic.^[406] One commenter asked that we allow insurers to deliver an electronic initial summary prospectus with links to the statutory prospectus at the point of sale.^[407] A second commenter suggested that we allow insurers to satisfy prospectus delivery obligations by posting the prospectuses on the company's website, provided that paper copies are available upon request,^[408] similar to the delivery requirements for the required online contract documents, discussed below.^[409] A third commenter stated that any summary prospectus should be provided to investors digitally and in hard copy.^[410] A fourth commenter urged us to require paper delivery as the default delivery of their prospectuses or summary prospectuses unless the retail investor has affirmatively chosen to receive these documents electronically.^[411] Another commenter stated that it did not see a “need to modify the requirements to make clear that paper-based delivery is not the only permissible or desired delivery format.” ^[412]

To maintain a consistent regime across all investment products, the summary prospectus framework we are adopting in this document will not change the Commission's current guidance regarding electronic delivery. As discussed in the Proposing Release, although paper is the default format for delivery of prospectuses and certain other required disclosures, the Commission has provided guidance noting that electronic delivery may be used to satisfy prospectus delivery requirements if: (1) The investor has notice of the availability of the information; (2) the use of the medium is not so burdensome that intended recipients cannot effectively access the information being provided; and (3) the issuer has evidence of delivery.^[413] Issuers relying on this guidance have typically satisfied the “evidence of delivery” requirement by obtaining informed consent to electronic delivery.^[414] We understand that investors that have elected electronic delivery of materials associated with their variable contract commonly receive an email that contains a link to the website where the materials are available.^[415]

5. Online Accessibility of Contract Statutory Prospectus and Certain Other Documents Relating to the Contract

Under the final rule, as proposed, investors who receive an initial or updating summary prospectus will have access to more detailed information about the variable contract, either by reviewing the information online, or by requesting the information to be sent in paper or electronically. These provisions parallel provisions in the rule governing the use of mutual fund summary prospectuses.^[416] In our experience, layered disclosure for mutual funds has benefitted both investors and registrants, and we are adopting a similar framework for variable contracts. We believe that permitting variable contract investors to access the contract statutory prospectus in several ways (online and by physical or electronic delivery) maximizes the accessibility and usability of the information, as indicated by investors' preference for access to both online and paper resources.^[417]

a. Required Online Contract Documents

As proposed, and under the final rule, a variable contract's current initial summary prospectus, updating summary prospectus, statutory prospectus, and SAI, and, in the case of a registrant on Form N-3, the registrant's most recent annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders under rule 30e-1 under the Investment Company Act (together, the “required online contract documents”), will be required to be available online.^[418] This approach operationalizes the summary prospectus layered disclosure framework, with the summary prospectus provided in paper (or electronically) to investors, and additional information about the contract securities available online.

The required online contract documents generally comprise the same set of documents that the mutual fund summary prospectus rules require to be posted online,^[419] and provide additional important detail about the contract that investors can access, if they wish. The required online contract documents only reference the registrant's annual and semi-annual shareholder reports for Form N-3 registrants because Form N-4 and Form N-6 registrants do not have shareholder reports, but instead transmit the portfolio companies' annual and semi-annual shareholder reports to the investors in the contracts.

As with similar provisions in the mutual fund summary prospectus rule, these required online contract documents are required to be publicly accessible, free of charge, at the website address that the cover page of the summary prospectus specifies, on or before the time that the person relying on the rule provides the summary prospectus to investors.^[420] Moreover, a current version of each of the required online contract documents must remain on that website for at least 90 days following either:

• The time of the “carrying or delivery” of the contract security if a person is relying on the rule to satisfy its Section 5(b)(2) prospectus delivery obligations; or
• If a person is relying on the rule to send communications that will not be deemed to be prospectuses, the time that the person sends or gives the communication to investors.^[421]

This requirement is designed to provide continuous access to the information from the time the summary prospectus is sent or given until at least 90 days after the date of delivery of a security or communication in reliance on the rule. One commenter stated the proposed 90-day timeframe for the availability of online information was too short (unless there were an archive requirement, in which case it suggested the 90-day timeframe could make sense), and that a year would be more helpful to investors.^[422]

As a practical matter, because variable contracts (and their underlying portfolio companies) are generally continuously offered, a current contract prospectus and related documents would likely remain online for longer than 90 days. The 90 day period is also the timeframe required for the availability of online information under the mutual fund summary prospectus rule, and the Commission proposed that it be the same for variable contracts because of market participants' familiarity with this timeframe, and because there may be operational efficiencies for certain registrants in having the timeframe be the same under both summary prospectus frameworks. Moreover, we believe this timeframe appropriately balances the costs of maintaining information online with investors' interests in having the flexibility to access this online information after receiving the summary prospectus.^[423]

Two commenters recommended that we make the web-posting requirements more principles-based and less regimented.^[424] The proposed requirements for the availability of online information were designed to mirror the requirements in the mutual fund summary prospectus rule because we believed that investors and the industry would benefit from the consistency between the two summary prospectus regimes. Moreover, we believe it would be more appropriate to undertake a holistic review of the website posting (and possibly other technology-based) requirements for all investment products, including funds and variable contracts as part of a future initiative. Therefore, we are adopting the website posting requirements as proposed.

Website Address at Which Required Online Contract Documents Are Available. Also as proposed, the website address must be specific enough to lead investors directly to the required online contract documents, although the website can be a central site with prominent links to each document.^[425] Thus, while contract documents may be hosted at multiple locations, for purposes of compliance with the rule, a summary prospectus may only include a single website address where each of the required online contract documents may be accessed. This requirement is designed to ensure that the required online contract documents are collectively located at the same website address (or can be readily accessed from the same website address), as opposed to being scattered across various disconnected websites which could discourage investors from seeking those materials. As discussed below, if an insurer avails itself of the optional method of delivering portfolio company prospectuses, the portfolio company documents required to be made available online under that option must be accessible from the same website address used to access the required contract documents.^[426]

b. Formatting Requirements for Required Online Contract Documents

The final rule, as proposed, requires that the online contract documents be presented in a manner that is human-readable and capable of being printed on paper in human-readable format.^[427] We received no comments on this aspect of the proposal. This formatting requirement is a condition of reliance on the rule to satisfy a person's delivery obligations under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act and the provision that a communication shall not be deemed a prospectus under Section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act. The rule governing mutual fund summary prospectuses also requires this formatting approach.^[428] The “human-readable” presentation requirement is designed to impose a minimum standard of usability comparable to that of a paper document, although the electronic version could include additional features (e.g., fee calculators or pop-up explanations) that might enhance its usability relative to the paper version.^[429] Regarding usability, all portions of the document should be human-readable such that when an investor views the document electronically, the text is not cut off based on the screen size.

In addition, the final rule requires that the online materials be presented in a format, or formats, that are convenient for both reading online and printing on paper.^[430] The failure to comply with these “convenient for reading and printing” formatting requirements will not, however, be a condition of reliance on the rule, because whether a particular format is convenient for reading online and printing depends on a number of factors and must be decided on a case-by-case basis.^[431] In order to provide certainty to market participants, we are therefore not mandating that this requirement be a condition of reliance on the rule, and thus the failure to comply with this requirement will not negate a person's ability to rely on the rule in order to satisfy a person's delivery obligations under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act.^[432] Such a failure will, however, constitute a violation of Commission rules.

c. Linking Within and Between Documents

As proposed, the final rule also includes requirements for linking within the electronic versions of the contract statutory prospectus and SAI that are available online, and also for linking between electronic versions of contract summary and statutory prospectuses that are available online.^[433] These requirements, which are substantively identical to parallel provisions in the rule governing mutual fund summary prospectuses,^[434] are designed to promote the usability of the information that appears in these documents.

The first linking requirement will allow the reader to move directly between a table of contents of the contract statutory prospectus or SAI and the related sections of that document.^[435] The second linking requirement will allow the reader to move back and forth between each section of the summary prospectus and any related section of the contract statutory prospectus and contract SAI that provides additional detail.^[436] This back-and-forth movement could occur either directly from the summary prospectus to the relevant section of the statutory prospectus or SAI, or indirectly by linking from the summary prospectus to a table of contents for the statutory prospectus or SAI, and vice versa.^[437] As discussed above, in response to commenters, we are modifying a separate aspect of the proposal that would have inadvertently negated the ability of registrants to use the indirect linking option.^[438]

d. Definitions of Special Terms, and Online Viewing of Special Terms

The summary prospectus content requirements reference information that is required to appear in the contract statutory prospectus, which in turn must be written using plain English principles.^[439] Variable contract disclosure documents tend to include industry-specific language in order to describe the sometimes complex features of these products. We recognize, therefore, that it may be particularly challenging to accurately describe a variable contract without using certain terms that, while technically accurate, may be confusing or unfamiliar to retail investors. Accordingly, the final rule, as proposed, requires a summary prospectus to define any “special terms” elected by the registrant, using any presentation that clearly conveys their meaning to investors.^[440] This requirement reflects the instructions in Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 (as well as similar instructions in the current version of these forms to define “special terms” in a glossary or index).^[441] The registrant will determine which terms constitute special terms. We generally believe that a special term is a term that is typically unfamiliar to a new contract investor and is important for the investor to understand key features of the contract.

Two commenters responded favorably to the inclusion of a Special Terms section of the hypothetical initial summary prospectus, with one commenter stating its belief that “the `Special Terms' section . . . will be helpful to the reader as it defines terms with which they may not be familiar,” ^[442] and another observing that “because the Special Terms are the first thing people see, they are likely to read them more diligently.” ^[443]

In order to leverage technology to help investors understand the variable contract, the final rule includes provisions that are meant to enhance investors' understanding of special terms when they view the summary prospectus online. Specifically, the rule requires that investors either be able to view the definition of each special term used in an online summary prospectus upon command,^[444] or to move directly back and forth between each special term and the corresponding entry in any glossary or list of definitions that the summary prospectus includes.^[445] This approach, which today is a common convention for many electronically available documents, is an example of how technology can enhance our layered approach to disclosure and help investors who access the document online grasp the complexities of variable contract features. Registrants may wish to consider whether other technological tools associated with their online disclosure (e.g., pop-up explanations) present further opportunities to promote investor understanding.

Two commenters supported the proposed approach. One commenter “commend[ed] the Commission for its requirement that investors accessing the summary prospectus should be able to view the definition of special terms upon command,” and suggested that the requirement be expanded to all definitions to improve the readability of the document.^[446] Another commenter stated that electronic versions of the prospectus should have definitions for defined terms that pop up when clicked.^[447] Conversely, one commenter stated that requiring the definition of each special term used in an online summary prospectus to be viewed upon command, or to permit investors to move directly back and forth between each special term and the corresponding entry in any glossary in the summary prospectus, may be burdensome and excessive since an initial and updating summary prospectus has so many terms.^[448] This commenter recommended instead that insurers be permitted to make a link to a summary prospectus's glossary continuously visible, thereby allowing an investor to move back-and-forth between the various sections of a summary prospectus and its glossary.

We are adopting the requirement as proposed. We believe that registrants should provide investors with an easy and convenient means to understand the terms used to describe the investment product offered. Given the prevalence of different technological solutions that allow online documents to be viewed upon command, we are not persuaded that the burdens are as great as this commenter suggests. Moreover, we are concerned that for a registrant that chooses to make the table of contents for the statutory prospectus continuously available, the inclusion of a continuously available glossary would clutter an investor's visual field, potentially reduce the investor's focus, and detract attention away from the information in the summary documents.

Commenters offered a variety of suggestions regarding technological tools that could enhance online disclosure to promote investor understanding. While several commenters agreed with the concept of an interactive fee calculator,^[449] they recommended that the final rule not require this functionality because of concerns about the feasibility of developing this feature for such a highly customized investment product,^[450] and raised questions about the relative benefits to investors.^[451]

One commenter suggested an interactive tool that could allow investors to vary the assumptions in a visual illustration to see the effect on policy value as the inputs are changed.^[452] Another commenter stated that a modern app-based disclosure solution is the best technology option to provide investors with streamlined, user-friendly technology, and recommended that we add language to the final rule that specifically supports apps for delivery of content related to prospectus data for variable contracts.^[453] The final rule does not preclude the use of apps as a disclosure delivery channel provided all conditions of the rule are met, and, as we note below, we decline to add any additional language supporting their use. A different commenter suggested that the Commission should develop an application or other web-based tool to enable investors to compare the key information contained in summary prospectuses of different issuers in a manner similar to the way websites today enable consumers looking to purchase a new car to compare key features of vehicles of different manufacturers.^[454]

We appreciate all of these technological suggestions and are continuing to consider their usefulness in investor disclosures. As previously noted, however, because we believe it would be more efficient to undertake a holistic review of technology-based approaches for all investment products as part of a future initiative,^[455] we are adopting the requirements to define, and provide online viewing of, Special Terms as proposed. We nonetheless encourage registrants and other industry participants to consider how technology can be used to improve the communication of information to investors, particularly as investors trend toward using applications and other technologies to access information.

e. Ability To Retain Documents

The final rule, as proposed, also requires that persons accessing the website that appears on the summary prospectus cover page be able to permanently retain, free of charge, an electronic version of each of the required online contract documents.^[456] Like the online version of these documents, the retainable version of the documents must be in a format that: (1) Is human-readable and capable of being printed on paper in human-readable format; and (2) permits persons accessing the downloaded documents to move directly back and forth between each section heading in a table of contents of that document and the section of the document referenced in that section heading.^[457] The permanently retained document does not have to be in a format that allows an investor to move back and forth between the summary prospectus and the statutory prospectus and SAI, because of possible technical difficulties associated with maintaining links between multiple downloaded documents.^[458] These conditions are substantively identical to parallel provisions in the rule governing mutual fund summary prospectuses.^[459]

In addition, the rule mandates that the electronic versions of the documents that may be permanently retained must be in a format that is convenient for both reading online and printing on paper.^[460] Like the “convenient for reading and printing” online formatting requirements,^[461] the failure to comply with these formatting requirements for retained electronic documents is not a condition for reliance on the rule.^[462] Since the convenience of these formatting requirements must be decided on a case-by-case basis, we believe this approach will help provide certainty to market participants who seek to rely on the rule to satisfy prospectus delivery obligations.^[463]

f. Safe Harbor for Temporary Noncompliance

Compliance with the conditions in new rule 498A regarding the online availability of the required online contract documents (including the formatting and linking requirements for these documents, the requirements associated with the use of special terms in these documents, and the ability to retain these documents permanently) is generally required in order to rely on the rule to meet prospectus delivery obligations under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act.^[464] Failure to comply with any of these conditions could result in a violation of Section 5(b)(2) unless the contract statutory prospectus is delivered by means other than reliance on the rule.

We recognize, however, that there may be times when, due to events beyond a person's control, the person may temporarily not be in compliance with the rule's conditions regarding the availability of the required online contract documents.^[465] Commenters expressed support for the proposed safe harbor provision,^[466] and the final rule, as proposed, contains a provision for temporary noncompliance, which is substantively identical to a parallel provision in the rule governing mutual fund summary prospectuses.^[467] This provision provides that the conditions regarding the availability of the required online contract documents will be deemed to be met, even if the required online contract documents are temporarily unavailable, provided that the person has reasonable procedures in place to ensure that those materials are available in the required manner. A person relying on the rule to satisfy prospectus delivery obligations is required to take prompt action to ensure that those materials become available in the manner required as soon as practicable following the earlier of the time when the person knows, or reasonably should have known, that the documents were not available in the manner required.^[468]

6. Other Requirements for Summary Prospectus and Other Contract Documents

a. Delivery Upon Request

Proposed rule 498A included certain requirements relating to the delivery of paper or electronic copies of required online contract documents upon request.^[469] We are adopting these requirements as proposed.

Under the final rule, an investor who receives a contract summary prospectus and who would also like to review the contract's statutory prospectus, SAI, and, in the case of a variable contract registered on Form N-3, its most recent annual and semi-annual report to shareholders is able to choose whether to review these documents online or to receive that information directly, in paper or electronic format as requested by the investor. Accordingly, a registrant (or financial intermediary distributing the contract) is required to send a paper or electronic copy of the required online contract documents to any person requesting such a copy. The person must send requested paper documents at no cost to the requestor, by U.S. first class mail or other reasonably prompt means, within three business days after receiving the request.

A registrant or intermediary is also required to send electronic copies of these documents upon request within three business days. The requirement to send an electronic copy of a document may be satisfied by sending a direct link to the online document; provided that a current version of the document is directly accessible through the link from the time that the email is sent through the date that is six months after the date that the email is sent and the email explains both how long the link will remain useable and that, if the recipient desires to retain a copy of the document, he or she should access and save the document. Collectively, these requirements are intended to ensure that an investor has prompt access to the required information in a format that he or she prefers.

As proposed and under the final rule, investors who prefer paper copies of the statutory prospectus but do not have ready access to the internet (or the ability to print out the statutory prospectus that is made available online) will not be able to elect in advance to receive paper copies of all future statutory prospectuses unless a registrant chose to give investors that option. Assuming no such accommodation, investors will need to follow the summary prospectus legend's instruction on how to request paper copies of the statutory prospectus each time a new statutory prospectus is available. Those that do not take the additional step of requesting a paper copy of the statutory prospectus will not receive the statutory prospectus in their preferred format.

Two commenters supported this framework.^[470] One of those commenters stated that the ability to obtain a paper copy of the prospectus without charge through a toll-free number provides a functional and practical mechanism for investors to obtain a paper copy, and advised against mandating opt-in or opt-out practices concerning future delivery of paper prospectuses, which would impose unnecessary tracking responsibilities and costs that would greatly overshadow the marginal benefit to consumers.^[471] In contrast, a separate commenter asserted that investors who want paper should be able to permanently elect to receive the full statutory prospectus and underlying fund documents.^[472]

While registrants may choose to give investors the option to permanently elect to receive the full statutory prospectus and underlying fund documents, we are not requiring registrants to provide that option. As discussed throughout this release, we believe the layered disclosure framework contemplated by the rule (i.e., sending or receiving the summary prospectus and making the statutory prospectus and underlying fund materials available online and upon request) will benefit the majority of investors and generally represents an improvement over the current disclosure regime.^[473] Moreover, we believe that this approach appropriately balances the interests of the number of variable contract investors whom we believe would benefit from the convenience of online documents against the number of those whom we believe prefer paper. Although certain investors may prefer statutory prospectuses rather than summary prospectuses, we believe that such investors are likely willing to seek out detailed information to inform their investment decisions.^[474] We believe that for these investors, the additional effort required to access the statutory prospectus online or request paper or electronic statutory prospectuses will be incrementally minimal.^[475]

b. Prominence Requirement

The final rule also requires that, generally like mutual funds, a contract summary prospectus must be given greater prominence than any materials that accompany the summary prospectus.^[476] As discussed in the Proposing Release, this requirement is designed to prevent any accompanying sales or other materials from obscuring the contract summary prospectus, and to highlight for investors the concise presentation of the summary prospectus, and the salience of the information it includes.^[477] We believe that the greater prominence requirement would be satisfied if the placement of the contract summary prospectus makes it more conspicuous than any accompanying materials.^[478] The only commenter who addressed this aspect of the proposal offered mixed support.^[479] We continue to believe the prominence requirement benefits investors and are adopting it as proposed.

c. Hyperlinking of website Addresses in Electronic Versions of Summary Prospectus

Largely as proposed, we are also requiring any website address that is included in an electronic version of the summary prospectus (i.e., electronic versions sent to investors or available online) to be an active hyperlink.^[480] This provision is intended to ensure that investors viewing electronic versions are able to easily access website addresses that are included in the summary prospectus.^[481]

One commenter stated that requiring active hyperlinks for website addresses referenced in electronic versions of the initial summary prospectus could be administratively burdensome because insurers would need to monitor to ensure the disclosed website locations were accurate and functioning.^[482] The cover page of the initial summary prospectus must provide a website where investors can obtain the summary and statutory prospectuses (and certain other contract documents),^[483] and the legend in the Appendix in the initial summary prospectus must include a website where investors can access the portfolio company prospectuses (and, if applicable, access updated performance information).^[484] However, the rule and form requirements give registrants the flexibility to determine whether to provide the required information on the registrant's website, or a third party website. Because the availability of more detailed information is a key component to a layered disclosure approach, enabling access to that information is fundamental to the framework. We therefore believe it is reasonable, and not unduly burdensome, for a registrant to ensure that the website address it chooses to include in the electronic version of its summary prospectuses has an active link, and are adopting this aspect of the rule largely as proposed.^[485]

However, as discussed above, in response to comments we are modifying this requirement to allow registrants to provide another means of facilitating access through equivalent methods or technologies that lead directly to the relevant website address.^[486] This change is intended to give registrants the flexibility to provide hyperlinks in a continually visible sidebar, or some equivalent means of facilitating access from the summary prospectus.

d. Hyperlinking of Cross-References in Electronic Versions of Summary Prospectus

Although we proposed that registrants provide hyperlinks for cross-references included in an electronic version of the summary prospectus,^[487] we recognize that the summary prospectus could contain multiple cross-references to both internal disclosures as well as external documents, and implementing and maintaining active hyperlinks for those cross-references could be burdensome or in some cases infeasible (e.g., cross-references to individual external documents that are specific to each investor).^[488] We also believe that hyperlinked cross-references may be largely unnecessary because rule 498A provides that the summary prospectus, statutory prospectus, and SAI must include links or otherwise permit persons accessing those documents to move directly back and forth between each section heading in a table of contents and the section of the document referenced in that topic heading, as well as between each section of the summary prospectus and any section of the statutory prospectus and SAI (or, alternately, have continuously visible links that allow persons accessing those documents to move directly back and forth between each section heading in a table of contents and the section of the document referenced in that topic heading).^[489] Therefore, we are eliminating the proposed requirement, but we nonetheless encourage registrants to use hyperlinks and other tools to provide investors with means to more easily read and access information in electronic versions of documents relating to their contract.

e. Failure To Comply With Other Requirements in Rule

Under the final rule, as proposed, the failure to comply with the “other requirements” in the new rule will not negate a person's ability to rely on the rule to satisfy a person's delivery obligations under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act.^[490] Commenters supported this approach, noting especially the potential for technological challenges to impact the ability of a person seeking to rely on the rule to comply with certain requirements.^[491] One commenter also raised concerns regarding how compliance with certain requirements might be determined, and the potential subjectivity involved in that assessment.^[492] We received no comments opposing or suggesting modifications to this aspect of the proposal and are adopting as proposed. Failure to comply with the “other requirements” in the rule will, however, constitute a violation of Commission rules.

7. Incorporation by Reference

a. Permissible Incorporation by Reference

The final rule, as proposed, permits a registrant to incorporate by reference into the summary prospectus information contained in the contract statutory prospectus and SAI, subject to certain conditions.^[493] As discussed in the Proposing Release, we do not intend the variable contract summary prospectus to be a self-contained disclosure vehicle, but rather one element in a layered disclosure regime.^[494]

Any information incorporated by reference must be separately made available to investors, either electronically or in paper. A Form N-3 registrant also could incorporate by reference into the summary prospectus information from its reports to shareholders that the registrant has incorporated by reference into its statutory prospectus.^[495] Under the final rule, a registrant is not permitted to incorporate by reference into the summary prospectus information from any other source. Moreover, a registrant may not incorporate by reference any information that will be required to appear in the contents of the initial summary prospectus or the updating summary prospectus.^[496]

Information could be incorporated by reference into the summary prospectus only by reference to the specific document that contains the information, and not by reference to another document that incorporates the information by reference.^[497] For example, if a contract statutory prospectus were to incorporate the contract SAI by reference, the summary prospectus could not incorporate information in the SAI simply by referencing the statutory prospectus but will be required to reference the SAI directly.^[498]

Incorporation by reference is permissible only if the registrant satisfies the rule's conditions that prescribe the means by which the required online contract documents must be made available to investors.^[499] In addition, if a registrant incorporates information by reference into a summary prospectus, the summary prospectus legend must specify the type of document (e.g., statutory prospectus) that contains the incorporated information and the date of the document.^[500] If a registrant incorporates a part of a document by reference into the summary prospectus, the summary prospectus legend must clearly identify the part by page, paragraph, caption, or otherwise.^[501] The legend must also explain that the incorporated information may be obtained, free of charge, in the same manner as the contract statutory prospectus.^[502]

The conditions on the availability of information that is incorporated by reference into the contract summary prospectus, and on identifying the information that is incorporated by reference, are intended to facilitate access to this information. Parallel conditions exist in the rule governing mutual fund summary prospectuses. Based on our experience, we believe that investors have found this approach to be useful. Therefore, the final rule includes similar conditions for incorporation by reference for variable contract summary prospectuses.^[503]

A registrant that fails to comply with any of the above conditions is not permitted to incorporate information by reference into its summary prospectus. A registrant that does comply with these conditions, however, including the conditions for providing the documents that include the incorporated information online, is also not required to send or give the incorporated information to investors together with the summary prospectus.^[504] The contract summary prospectus, together with information incorporated therein by reference, would be subject to liability under Sections 12(a)(2) and 17(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

b. Effect of Incorporation by Reference

Title 17 CFR 230.159 (rule 159 under the Securities Act) provides that any information “conveyed” to a purchaser after the time of sale will not be taken into account, for purposes of determining whether a prospectus or oral statement included an untrue statement of material fact at the time of sale for purposes of Sections 12(a)(2) and 17(a)(2) of the Act.^[505] As proposed, the final rule provides that, for purposes of rule 159, information is conveyed to a person not later than the time the person receives a summary prospectus, if that information is incorporated by reference into the summary prospectus in accordance with the rule's conditions.^[506] This addresses the question of when information that is incorporated by reference into the contract summary prospectus is conveyed for purposes of liability under Sections 12(a)(2) and 17(a)(2) of the Securities Act.^[507]

8. Filing Requirements for the Summary Prospectus

a. Form of Summary Prospectus

Under the final rule and as proposed, registrants must file as an exhibit to the registration statement any form of any initial summary prospectus the registrant intends to use on or after the effective date of the registration statement. Registrants are only required to file the form of initial summary prospectus exhibit with an initial registration statement or with a pre-effective amendment or a post-effective amendment filed in accordance with paragraph (a) of rule 485 under the Securities Act. In a change from the proposal, however, registrants are not required to file any form of updating summary prospectus.^[508]

Commenters objected to filing a preliminary summary prospectus for each contract as unduly burdensome and time consuming for issuers to prepare and file and Commission staff to review, and instead recommended that insurers be permitted to file a “form of” or “template” summary prospectus under rule 485(a) for contracts that are substantially similar, or that the registrant asserts is meaningfully representative of similar contracts pursuant to rule 485(b)(1)(vii).^[509] In support of this request, one commenter asserted that staff review of the “template” or representative summary prospectus would provide adequate protection for investors, while relieving burdens on issuers and Commission staff.^[510]

We believe that it is important that Commission staff have the opportunity to review a variable contract's summary prospectus for compliance with the rule and the relevant form requirements prior to its first use. The approach for variable contract summary prospectus differs from that of mutual fund summary prospectuses, where the Commission did not require such a filing because the content of that summary prospectus is essentially identical to the content of the summary section of the statutory prospectus, which is filed prior to its first use.^[511] In contrast, while some variable contract summary prospectus disclosures will be identical to those in the statutory prospectus,^[512] others will include only part of the information required in the statutory prospectus.^[513]

For example, the final rule requires an initial summary prospectus only to describe the features and options of the contract that the registrant currently offers,^[514] while the statutory prospectus (and updating summary prospectus) ^[515] could include information regarding contracts that the registrant no longer sells to new investors. The initial and updating summary prospectuses will also present certain information in a different order than might appear in the contract statutory prospectus.^[516] Furthermore, certain disclosure requirements differ depending on whether the summary prospectus is an initial summary prospectus or an updating summary prospectus. We do not believe that registrants would need to visually identify or otherwise segregate those portions of the statutory prospectus that are also summary prospectus disclosures, and we recognize that doing so could impede the effective presentation of information in a contract statutory prospectus to investors.

For these reasons, we continue to believe it is important for the staff to review the form of initial summary prospectus. However, in response to commenter concerns, we note that nothing in the amended forms or the summary prospectus framework generally precludes the use of “form of” or “template” review pursuant to rule 485(b)(1)(vii). Thus, registrants are permitted to seek such staff review in appropriate circumstances.

On the other hand, the updating summary prospectus will contain the Key Information Table and Appendix that will be in the statutory prospectus. Moreover, while the updating summary prospectus will also contain a brief summary of specified changes to the statutory prospectus (which we anticipate to typically be limited since variable contracts tend not to change their contract features very often), any material changes should be reflected in a post-effective amendment filing under rule 485(a), which will be marked to indicate such changes and subject to staff review.^[517] Because the information contained in the updating summary prospectus will mirror information contained in the statutory prospectus, we do not believe the staff needs to separately review a form of updating summary prospectus prior to first use. Therefore, to relieve burdens on registrants, we are not requiring it as an exhibit to the registration statement.

b. Definitive Form of Summary Prospectus

In addition to requiring registrants to file a form of initial summary prospectus with the Commission prior to use, we are, as proposed, amending rule 497 under the Securities Act to require a registrant to file a definitive form of summary prospectus—whether an initial summary prospectus or an updating summary prospectus—after it is first used.^[518] This will ensure that the Commission receives a copy of every summary prospectus in use.^[519] This is consistent with the filing requirement for mutual fund summary prospectuses under rule 497.^[520]

To allow investors and staff to more easily locate an initial summary prospectus or updating summary prospectus when searching on EDGAR, one commenter asked that we consider whether initial and updating summary prospectuses should be filed under differentiating form type designations (though noting that separate filing designations could cause filing errors).^[521] We agree and anticipate having different EDGAR submission types for initial and updating summary prospectus. Notice of EDGAR system readiness to accept summary prospectuses using differentiated filing types will be provided in a manner similar to notices of taxonomy updates and EDGAR Filer Manual updates. Until then, registrants may file definitive forms of summary prospectuses using submission type 497H2.

Another commenter asked us to amend rule 497 so insurers could customize and make prospectuses more interactive without having to file every variation on EDGAR.^[522] While we support the goal of making prospectuses more interactive, as with statutory prospectuses, it is important for investor protection purposes that our staff is able to review every form of summary prospectus that is used.^[523] Accordingly, we are not modifying rule 497 as this commenter suggests.

c. Investor Protection and Liability Under Section 11 of the Securities Act

Section 10(b) of the Securities Act provides that a prospectus permitted under that section must, unless Commission rules provide otherwise, be filed as part of the registration statement but would not be deemed a part of the registration statement for purposes of Section 11 of the Securities Act.^[524] Accordingly, as discussed in the proposal, a summary prospectus that is filed as part of the registration statement (e.g., as an exhibit or otherwise) would not be deemed a part of the registration statement for purposes of Section 11 of the Securities Act.^[525]

Some commenters in connection with the mutual fund summary prospectus proposal expressed concerns that the mutual fund summary prospectus would not be subject to Section 11 liability, suggesting that this would result in a diminution of funds' liability under that section.^[526] The Commission stated in response that while Section 11 prescribes that the mutual fund summary prospectus will not itself be deemed a part of the registration statement for purposes of Section 11, all of the information in the summary prospectus will be subject to liability under Section 11, either because the information is the same as information contained in the statutory prospectus or because the information is incorporated by reference from the registration statement.^[527]

For similar reasons, it is our view that while a variable contract summary prospectus under the final rule will not itself be deemed a part of the registration statement for purposes of Section 11, the information in the summary prospectus will generally be subject to liability under Section 11. While rule 498A does not have a comparable provision to the one in rule 498 requiring that the information in the summary prospectus must be the same as in the statutory prospectus, we believe that the substance of the information itself would be the same, even though the language in both documents relating to the information may not be identical. For example, the language of the initial summary prospectus could differ from the language used in the statutory prospectus because rule 498A requires that the initial summary prospectus may only describe a single contract that the registrant currently offers for sale, whereas we understand that certain contract statutory prospectuses include disclosure about contract features and options that the registrant may no longer offer to new investors. Nevertheless, the substance of the information for any currently offered features and options will be the same.^[528] In addition, rule 498A includes the same provisions regarding information permitted to be incorporated into the summary prospectus as those in rule 498.^[529]

As discussed in the Proposing Release, the summary prospectus also would be subject to other liability and antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws.^[530]

9. Defined Terms in Final Rule

We are adopting, substantially as proposed, a section of definitions for certain terms used throughout new rule 498A.^[531] These definitions generally: (1) Identify specific prospectuses described in the proposed rule (e.g., “initial summary prospectus”); (2) mirror the existing definitions used in Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 (e.g., “variable annuity contract” as used in Forms N-3 and N-4) or other rules (e.g., “statement of additional information” as used in rule 498); or (3) combine other defined terms in the rule (e.g., “summary prospectus”).^[532] We received no comments regarding these terms.

In recognition that today a variable contract may offer classes with the same currently available features and options but different pricing structures, the Commission proposed to define “class” to mean a class of a contract that varies principally with respect to distribution-related fees and expenses.^[533] While we received comments suggesting we broaden the definition of “class,” ^[534] we are adopting the definition as proposed, which we believe has an appropriate scope.^[535] We believe that investors value the ability to understand which fees apply to the products that they purchase, and defining “class” in relation to the fees charged ensures that investors will receive a level of granularity to the fees disclosed such that they should be better able to make an informed investment decision.^[536]

B. Optional Method To Satisfy Portfolio Company Prospectus Delivery Requirements

1. Current Delivery Practices for Portfolio Company Prospectuses

As discussed in greater detail in the Proposing Release, we understand that summary prospectuses, as opposed to statutory prospectuses, are typically delivered to investors for all the underlying portfolio companies offered under the contract.^[537] As with contract prospectuses, portfolio company prospectuses may be delivered electronically pursuant to the Commission's guidance.

Delivery of prospectuses for underlying portfolio companies is typically effected by the insurance company rather than the portfolio company. Based on a staff review of participation agreements between insurance companies and underlying portfolio companies, we understand that there is diversity in practice as to whether the insurance company or portfolio company bears the printing and mailing costs associated with portfolio company prospectus deliveries.

2. New Option To Satisfy Prospectus Delivery Requirements

a. Overview

As proposed, new rule 498A provides an optional method for satisfying portfolio company prospectus delivery obligations under section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act by making portfolio company summary and statutory prospectuses available online, with certain key information about the portfolio companies provided in the contract's summary prospectus.^[538] This new option is available to Form N-4 and Form N-6 registrants, but is not available to Form N-3 registrants because they do not have underlying portfolio companies.

This option allows satisfaction of prospectus delivery obligations with respect to a portfolio company, if: (1) An initial summary prospectus is used for each currently offered contract described under the related registration statement; ^[539] (2) a summary prospectus is used for the portfolio company (only if the portfolio company is registered on Form N-1A); ^[540] and (3) the portfolio company's current summary prospectus, statutory prospectus, SAI, and most recent shareholder reports are posted online under similar posting requirements for the variable contract's summary prospectuses and other documents.^[541] In addition, the rule provides that any communication related to a portfolio company, other than a prospectus permitted or required under Section 10 of the Securities Act, would not be deemed a prospectus if the above conditions are satisfied.^[542]

Many commenters agreed that the proposed delivery option for underlying portfolio company prospectuses would produce cost savings for funds and shareholders and directly align with shareholder preferences for accessing fund information online.^[543] Commenters also stated that the proposed delivery option would meaningfully improve the experience of investors by allowing them to navigate funds' prospectus disclosures in a manner responsive to their needs and financial sophistication.^[544] One commenter agreed with the optional nature of the proposed delivery option, stating that it would provide registrants time to build the process out for the delivery option.^[545] This commenter further agreed that a communication relating to a portfolio company should not be deemed a prospectus if the conditions of rule 498A were satisfied.

However, one commenter opposed the proposed delivery option on the grounds that investors who choose to receive their disclosures in paper are unlikely to seek out portfolio company prospectuses.^[546] The commenter noted, for example, that only a small percentage of variable annuity investors have chosen to receive disclosures electronically. Other commenters did not express either agreement or disagreement with the proposed delivery option, but requested clarity regarding the purpose and mechanics of this option.^[547] As noted below, the purpose of this option is to help reduce the volume of documents investors receive that may prevent effective disclosure. Under the layered disclosure framework we are adopting in this document, summary information as to the portfolio companies will be provided in the Appendix and more fulsome information available to investors online or on request.

We are concerned that the volume of disclosure materials variable contract investors currently receive may discourage them from reading the materials or prevent them from fully understanding these products. While the new variable contract summary prospectus framework is intended to provide investors with key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks in a concise and more reader-friendly format, we are concerned that investors may not read or understand information if the variable contract summary prospectus is accompanied by hundreds of pages of underlying portfolio company prospectuses.^[548] We also note that, to the extent that an investor wants additional information regarding a portfolio company beyond that provided in the Appendix and cannot or chooses not to view that information online, the final rule provides that an investor may always request paper or electronic copies of these documents be sent to them at no charge to them.^[549]

To address this issue, the new option for satisfying portfolio company prospectus delivery requirements provides investors with certain key summary information about underlying portfolio companies in an Appendix to the contract summary prospectus.^[550] This information is formatted in a tabular presentation to facilitate the ability of investors to compare key information relating to those portfolio companies.^[551] If an investor desires more detailed information about a particular portfolio company, prospectuses and other documents relating to the portfolio company will be available online and in paper or electronically upon request.

b. Conditions

As a condition to relying on the new option, as proposed, we are requiring that the related variable contract use an initial summary prospectus for each currently offered contract described under the related registration statement.^[552] One commenter stated that eliminating this condition would “provide enhanced readable consumer disclosure” by “reducing the totality of the [paper] documentation that consumers must confront” even when the registrant is not using a summary prospectus.^[553]

We disagree. We continue to believe that this condition is an important part of the layered disclosure framework that we are establishing in this document. This requirement is designed to encourage registrants to utilize the summary prospectus framework and provide a more consistent disclosure experience to investors, and reinforces the parallel requirement by tying the use of an updating summary prospectus to the condition that an initial summary prospectus be used for each currently offered contract. Together, we expect that these requirements will provide significant incentives for registrants to embrace the new summary prospectus framework and will further the adoption of the new framework for the mutual benefit of investors and registrants. Therefore, we are requiring a variable contract to use an initial summary prospectus for each currently offered contract described under the related registration in order to rely upon the optional delivery method.

As a second condition, as proposed, a portfolio company that is registered on Form N-1A must use a summary prospectus.^[554] Several commenters suggested that registrants should be able to use the optional method for delivering portfolio company prospectuses in order to reduce costs and provide consistent disclosures of portfolio company information even when portfolio company summary prospectuses are not available.^[555] Commenters also stated that not all portfolio companies currently use summary prospectuses, and concluded that the ability of insurers to rely on the optional delivery method rests at the mercy of those portfolio companies.^[556]

Absent this requirement, we believe that portfolio companies may be disinclined to use summary prospectuses,^[557] potentially resulting in investors having to obtain information as to a particular portfolio company by reviewing a lengthy statutory prospectus offering multiple funds. We anticipate that this condition could further increase the likelihood that portfolio companies will use summary prospectuses, which will provide investors with summary information about portfolio companies that we believe they are more likely to use and understand.

We also note that use of the delivery option is not contingent on every portfolio company offered as an investment option under the contract using a summary prospectus. Rather, the delivery option is available on a portfolio company by portfolio company basis so an insurer will only be ineligible to use the delivery option as to those portfolio companies that do not use a summary prospectus. Thus, an insurer could use the delivery option to satisfy delivery obligations as to those portfolio companies using summary prospectuses, and continue to mail statutory prospectuses for those portfolio companies that do not use summary prospectuses as under current practice. Regardless of the method used to satisfy prospectus delivery obligations as to a given portfolio company, all portfolio companies offered under a variable contract shall be included in the Appendix.^[558]

Finally, as a third condition to rely on the delivery option, as proposed, the portfolio company's current summary and statutory prospectus, SAI, and most recent annual and semi-annual shareholder reports (together, the “required online portfolio company documents”) must be posted online under similar conditions for the posting of required online contract documents:

• The required online portfolio company documents are publicly accessible, free of charge, at the website address specified on the cover page or beginning of the summary prospectuses for the variable contract, for the time period specified in rule 498A(h)(1); ^[559]

• The required online portfolio company documents are presented on the website in a format, or formats, that are human-readable and capable of being printed on paper in human-readable format,^[560] and permit persons accessing the documents to move directly back and forth between each section heading in a table of contents and the corresponding section of the document; ^[561]

• Persons accessing the required online portfolio company documents must be able to permanently retain, free of charge, an electronic version of such documents in a format, or formats, that is human-readable and permits persons accessing the materials to move directly back and forth between each section heading in a table of contents and the corresponding section of the document; ^[562]

• Requested required online portfolio company documents must be sent in paper or electronically upon request within three business days after receiving a request; ^[563] and

• The safe harbor specified in paragraph (h)(4) of the rule will be available if the required online portfolio company documents are temporarily unavailable at the specified website.^[564]

Several commenters urged the Commission to permit flexibility regarding the website where required online portfolio company documents would be posted, and stated that insurers should be permitted to include website addresses or links to portfolio companies' existing website document libraries.^[565] One commenter asserted that the costs of posting the required online portfolio company documents online in machine-readable format(s) would greatly outweigh the benefits.^[566] As discussed above, many commenters also commented on the web-posting requirements for variable contract materials in the context of the variable contract summary prospectus, and suggested that those requirements (which are largely replicated in the context of portfolio company materials) should be made more principles-based and less regimented.^[567]

We believe that the “publicly accessible” provision of the rule as proposed already contemplated flexibility for issuers with respect to website posting requirements. Therefore, as proposed, the final rule permits flexibility regarding the website where the required online portfolio company documents are posted, so long as electronic versions of the required online portfolio company documents (or links to those documents) are posted at the same website where the required online contract documents for the variable contract prospectus (or links to those documents) are posted.^[568] This requirement is designed to allow flexibility regarding the location where electronic versions of those materials are posted (and permits the website to be hosted, for example, by a financial intermediary or other entity than the insurer), while still ensuring that access to all materials relating to the contract is provided in a central location.

Also as proposed, the website address must be specific enough to lead investors directly to the required online portfolio company documents, although the website can be a central site with prominent links to each document.^[569] Thus, while portfolio company documents may be hosted at multiple locations, for purposes of compliance with the rule, a summary prospectus may only include a single website address where each of the required online portfolio company documents together with the required online contract documents may be accessed. This requirement is designed to ensure that the required online portfolio company documents are collectively located at the same website address (or can be readily accessed from the same website address) as the related variable contract materials, as opposed to being scattered across various disconnected websites which could discourage investors from seeking those materials.

As discussed above, the Commission is currently engaged in an overall review of the retail fund investor experience. The Commission and its staff will continue to consider further in the broader context of that overall review whether more global changes to the online disclosure framework should be made with regards to the other issues raised by commenters regarding making the web-posting requirements more principles-based and less regimented, as well as whether documents should be required to be posted online in machine-readable format.^[570]

Another commenter observed that proposed rule 498A did not clarify when information in a portfolio company's statutory prospectus is deemed to be conveyed to investors for purposes of rule 159 under the Securities Act.^[571] Although the commenter's letter only addressed a portfolio company's statutory prospectus, we believe similar concerns would also apply to a portfolio company's Statement of Additional Information and shareholder reports. Accordingly, in a change from the proposal, the final rule provides that information contained in the required online portfolio company documents is conveyed for purposes of rule 159 when portfolio company prospectus delivery obligations under section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act are satisfied pursuant to the optional portfolio company prospectus delivery method.^[572]

Finally, in a change from the proposal,^[573] we are correcting an oversight and adding language to the rule to clarify that failure to comply with the delivery upon request and “convenient for reading and printing” requirements with regards to the required online portfolio company documents will not negate the ability to rely on the portfolio company prospectus delivery method.^[574] This failure would, however, constitute a violation of Commission rules.

The proposal did not address this issue, but we believe that this provision is consistent with our stated intention to both address the problem of the high volume of disclosure materials variable contract investors receive,^[575] and to build upon our experience regarding mutual fund summary prospectuses.^[576] The new language, which parallels a similar provision in rule 498,^[577] is intended to provide greater certainty to market participants who seek to rely on the rule, and conforms to similar language regarding the application of those same requirements to the ability of funds and financial intermediaries to rely on the rule to satisfy prospectus delivery obligations.^[578]

c. Interim Amendments to Portfolio Company Prospectuses

When a portfolio company supplements or otherwise amends its summary or statutory prospectus between annual updates, the amendment is typically filed with the Commission pursuant to rule 497 under the Securities Act.^[579] In addition, we understand that the amendment is typically delivered to investors, either by special mailing or by including it with another mailing, such as with the account statement or confirmation.^[580]

As proposed, the new option for satisfying portfolio company prospectus delivery requirements will require that current portfolio company summary prospectuses and statutory prospectuses are posted online. If a portfolio company amends its prospectus between annual updates, the updated prospectus (including any prospectus supplements) must be posted online. However, as proposed, we are not separately requiring delivery of portfolio company prospectus amendments to investors. Commenters generally supported this aspect of our proposal.^[581]

In addition, if an interim amendment to a portfolio company prospectus affects the information provided in the initial or updating summary prospectus (e.g., a change to the type/investment objective or current expenses of the portfolio company provided in the required Appendix to the contract summary prospectus), then investors will receive notice of the change through an amendment to the contract summary prospectus which will be delivered to investors. As proposed, the new rule will not, however, affect the requirements to deliver other materials specified under other rules or terms of exemptive orders, and in such cases, the materials specified under those rules or terms of exemptive orders must be delivered to investors.^[582]

d. Delivery of Portfolio Company Prospectuses in Connection With Form N-14 Proxy Statement/Prospectuses

Management investment companies and business development companies use Form N-14 to register certain transactions under the Securities Act. These include a merger in which a vote or consent of the security holders of the company being acquired is not required, an exchange offer for securities of the issuer or another person, a public reoffering or resale of any securities acquired in an offering registered on Form N-14, or any combination of such transactions.^[583]

Among other things, Form N-14 requires the disclosure of certain information about the registrant and the company being acquired, such as fees, synopsis information of the information contained in their prospectuses, and risk factors.^[584] If the transaction will not be submitted to security holders of the registrant for approval or consent, then some of the required information about the company being acquired may be incorporated by reference from that company's current prospectus without being sent to investors, on the grounds that investors in the company being acquired have already received the prospectus for their fund.^[585]

While the Commission did not propose any changes to Form N-14 in the Proposing Release, one commenter asked whether a filing on Form N-14 could similarly incorporate by reference a portfolio company prospectus without delivering it if the investor had received a variable contract prospectus which offered the portfolio company as an underlying investment option.^[586] We believe the same policy rationale behind the incorporation by reference provision in current Form N-14 should also apply here so long as prospectus delivery obligations for the portfolio company have been satisfied pursuant to the new portfolio company prospectus delivery option. Accordingly, we are now amending Form N-14 to provide that a portfolio company prospectus whose delivery obligations were satisfied via new rule 498A(j) may be incorporated by reference into a filing on Form N-14 without being sent to investors, so long as that portfolio company was listed in the variable contract summary prospectus Appendix at the time the disclosures required by Form N-14 were delivered to investors.^[587]

C. Amendments to Registration Forms

We are adopting amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 to update and enhance the disclosures to investors in variable contracts, and to implement the summary prospectus framework. These amendments include new disclosure requirements to reflect the evolution of variable contract features, including, in particular, the prevalence of optional benefits that insurers offer under these contracts. In addition, we are adopting amendments to provide greater consistency among the registration forms for variable contracts. Form N-6, which was adopted in 2002 and is the newest variable contract form, served as a model for many of the revisions to Forms N-3 and N-4. Accordingly, we are adopting fewer changes to Form N-6 than the other forms.

Certain investors who are considering variable annuities may also be considering variable life insurance (and vice versa). We believe a consistent presentation could reduce investor confusion and promote investor understanding through common disclosure across types of variable products on elements that we consider useful in explaining variable contracts' features and risks. Also, we believe that more uniformity of disclosures across variable contract types may make it easier for investors to compare similar products. We also believe that increasing consistency of disclosure requirements among registration forms could increase efficiencies among sponsors of variable contracts that register on multiple of these registration form types, and other market participants.

We are adopting amendments to the registration statement forms substantially as proposed with some modifications in response to comments on specific reporting items.^[588] The comments that we received relating to our proposal to amend variable contract registration statements were generally supportive of our efforts to improve the information that is provided to shareholders and filed with the Commission.^[589] Although commenters did not raise broad objections to our proposed amendments, commenters raised concerns with and/or requested clarification on various items, as discussed in more detail below. To the extent we received no comments on certain items, we are adopting them as proposed, as discussed further below.

1. General Instructions

We are adopting amendments to the General Instructions of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 regarding the preparation and filing of registration statements. Although commenters did not raise broad objections to our proposed amendments, commenters raised concerns with and/or requested clarification on General Instruction C.3, as discussed in more detail below. To the extent we received no comments on the other General Instructions, we are adopting them as proposed.

The amended General Instructions, like the General Instructions in current Form N-6,^[590] are structured to include four parts: (A) Definitions; (B) Filing and Use of Form; (C) Preparation of the Registration Statement; ^[591] and (D) Incorporation by Reference.^[592] With the exception of General Instruction C.3, these amendments are largely organizational in nature and incorporate minor changes that are not intended to significantly alter the content of the current General Instructions for these forms.

General Instruction C.3 provides substantive requirements for the preparation of the registration statement, including instructions relating to the organization, presentation, and prospectuses permitted to be included in a registration statement. The instruction parallels Instruction C.3 of current Form N-6 in substance, except as described below.

Organization of Information

As proposed, General Instruction C.3.(a) requires the disclosures in response to Item 2 (Key Information), Item 3 (Overview of the Contract), and Item 4 (Fee Table) of the registration forms to appear in numerical order at the front of the prospectus, and not be preceded by anything other than a cover page (Item 1), a glossary, or a table of contents. One commenter stated that registrants should be given flexibility to present disclosure where it makes most logical sense, and recommended against an approach that would require those disclosures to be segregated and placed at the beginning of the statutory prospectus.^[593] Another commenter disagreed and supported the proposed order of the items in the amended forms and the related General Instructions.^[594] We continue to believe that these disclosures should appear at the beginning of the prospectus because they contain the most salient information about a variable contract's key features, costs, and risks and standardization of these disclosures will aid investors in comparing different products.^[595] We also believe that the instruction incorporates a certain degree of flexibility for issuers. As proposed and adopted, the instruction also provides that if the discussion of the information that Items 2 or 3 requires also responds to disclosure requirements in other items of the prospectus, a registrant need not include additional disclosure that repeats this information.

Other Information

As proposed, General Instruction C.3.(b) provides that, except in response to Items 2 and 3, a registrant is permitted to include information in the prospectus or SAI that is not otherwise required, so long as it is not incomplete, inaccurate, or misleading and does not, because of its nature, quantity, or manner of presentation, obscure or impede understanding of the information that is required to be included.^[596] This instruction is intended to provide flexibility to registrants to include contextual and other information that could aid investors' understanding of variable contracts and assist them in making informed investment decisions.

Presentation of Information

As proposed, General Instruction C.3.(c) encourages registrants to use, as appropriate, question-and-answer presentations, tables, side-by-side comparisons, captions, bullet points, numeric examples, illustrations or similar presentation methods.^[597] We believe that these alternative ways of presenting information could increase readability and that this instruction could encourage registrants to use these presentation options, where appropriate.

Use of Terms

As proposed, General Instruction C.3.(d)(i) includes in substance the requirements of Item 2 (Definitions) of current Forms N-3 and N-4. The changes conform this instruction to the language in the parallel current General Instruction of Form N-6, which we believe will improve readability and consistency across form types.

As discussed above, and in response to requests from commenters, General Instruction C.3.(d) includes new subparagraph (ii) which provides registrants with the flexibility to use alternate terminology other than that used by the form, so long as the alternate terminology clearly conveys the meaning of, or provides comparable information as, the terms used by the form.^[598]

Use of Form To Register Multiple Contracts

General Instruction C.3.(e) provides new guidance addressing when a registrant may describe multiple contracts in a single prospectus, and include multiple prospectuses in a single registration statement. We are generally adopting these amendments as proposed, with certain modifications described below.

As proposed, General Instruction C.3.(e)(i) provides that registrants may describe multiple contracts in a single prospectus when the contracts are “essentially identical.” Whether the contracts are essentially identical will depend on the facts and circumstances. The instruction includes examples to provide guidance on this point, although we have revised one of the proposed examples to clarify that a contract that does not offer optional benefits could still be essentially identical to one that offers optional benefits without charge (e.g., optional benefits offered without charge may include dollar-cost averaging programs, automatic transfer programs, etc.).^[599] If a prospectus becomes unwieldy because of multiple discontinued or changed features such that an investor might become overwhelmed or confused, the registrant should consider issuing a new prospectus, which could be included in the same registration statement, as discussed further below.

One commenter asserted that the specific examples proposed by the Commission outlining when this practice would be permitted were unnecessarily restrictive. The commenter suggested that the Commission should permit insurers reasonable flexibility to describe, in a single prospectus, the same contract (or contracts) offering different versions of a particular optional benefit, different combinations of optional benefits, and other variations.^[600]

As the number of optional benefits offered under variable insurance contracts have proliferated, registrants have gravitated towards increasingly larger and more complex prospectuses, including prospectuses describing multiple contracts offering different versions and combinations of optional benefits, even though not all of those contracts or optional benefits would be relevant for investors to whom the prospectus would be sent or given.

To provide guidance to registrants, and in order to avoid overwhelming investors with voluminous and potentially irrelevant prospectus information, General Instruction C.3.(e)(i) provides that registrants may only describe multiple contracts in a single prospectus when the included contracts are “essentially identical,” and further provides specific examples that we believe are helpful in outlining when this condition is met.

General Instruction C.3.(e)(ii) further provides that a registrant may combine multiple prospectuses in a single registration statement under certain conditions. The Commission proposed permitting such combinations when the prospectuses describe contracts that are “essentially identical.”

One commenter expressed confusion that the same standard would be used to determine when multiple contracts can be described in one prospectus and also when multiple prospectuses can be combined in one registration statement, even though different examples are provided to demonstrate what would be appropriate in each context.^[601] The commenter further stated that registrants currently have reasonable flexibility to include multiple reasonably related prospectuses in a single registration statement, and asserted that practice should be permitted if the prospectuses describe different versions or iterations of contracts that are on the same or substantially similar policy forms, offer different combinations and/or iterations of benefits, or address different distribution arrangements.

Although we agree that under certain circumstances it would be appropriate to include more than one prospectus in a single registration statement, as discussed above we believe that specific criteria will be helpful to provide guidance to registrants and to limit the potential for investors to become overloaded with voluminous and potentially irrelevant registration statement information. Accordingly, we have modified the General Instruction to permit registrants to combine multiple prospectuses in a single registration statement when the contracts are “substantially similar.” The instruction also includes examples to provide guidance on this point, as proposed, although we are modifying one of the proposed examples to replace the word “enhanced” with “modified,” because not all material changes to riders are necessarily improvements that “enhance” the rider.^[602] We believe these examples are generally consistent with current industry practice.

When a registrant files its initial registration statement and post-effective amendments thereto with the Commission, Commission staff could request the registrant to resubmit the filing with separate prospectuses or registration statements if the filing falls outside the guidelines specified in General Instruction C.3.(e). One commenter stated that many prospectuses currently describe more than one contract, and many variable product registration statements currently include more than one prospectus, and suggested that the Commission should grandfather such existing filings.^[603]

Recognizing the potential confusion for existing investors and burdens for registrants associated with splitting up prospectuses and registration statements into multiple documents, we are exempting registrants from the requirement to take such actions as to existing prospectuses and registration statements.^[604] Existing prospectuses and registration statements as of the effective date of the form amendments are exempt from these requirements—that is, existing prospectuses that describe more than one contract, and existing registration statements that include more than one prospectus, will not need to be split into separate documents. However, after the effective date of the form amendments, a registrant that seeks to describe a new contract under a particular prospectus or add a new prospectus to a registration statement, must comply with the guidelines specified in General Instruction C.3.(e) as to that new contract or new prospectus. Further, while we generally believe that insurers should limit the contracts covered in a single prospectus and prospectuses covered in a single registration statement as discussed above, we also believe that the costs and burdens that would be imposed should we not provide this exemption may not justify the benefits of such limitations in the case of existing prospectuses and registration statements.^[605]

Order of Information in Prospectus

As proposed, while paragraph (a) of General Instruction C.3 generally requires registrants to disclose the information required by Items 2, 3, and 4 in numerical order at the front of the prospectus, General Instruction C.3.(e)(i)(A) allows registrants to depart from this requirement under certain circumstances.^[606] The amended instruction includes an example to provide guidance on this point, largely as proposed.^[607] Registrants that present Items 2, 3, and 4 for each of several contracts sequentially or that utilize another presentation should consider whether investors might benefit from a brief explanation about how the information in the prospectus is presented, such as headings for each contract in the prospectus' table of contents and/or a brief narrative at the beginning of the prospectus explaining the presentation.^[608] Registrants are encouraged to present information in a manner that limits repetition.^[609]

Regardless of the presentation method chosen, when disclosing information relating to one of several contracts, registrants should clearly identify to which contract the information relates. In a change from the proposal, and consistent with our effort to provide greater clarity to investors,^[610] the amended forms contain a new instruction that requires registrants to generally include appropriate titles, headings, or any other information to promote clarity and facilitate understanding regarding which disclosures apply to which contract, if such disclosures vary based on the contract.^[611]

Interactive Data Files

In the case of contracts currently offered to new investors, paragraph (h) of General Instruction C.3 requires registrants to use the Inline XBRL format for the submission of certain required disclosures in the variable contract statutory prospectus.^[612] We discuss the requirement to file using Inline XBRL in Section II.D below.

Website Addresses

Paragraph (i) of General Instruction C.3 requires any website address that is included in an electronic version of the statutory prospectus (i.e., electronic versions sent to investors or available online) to include an active hyperlink.^[613] In response to comments discussed below, in a change from the proposal, registrants may also utilize any other means of facilitating access that leads directly to the relevant website address or cross-referenced information. This instruction is intended to ensure that investors viewing electronic versions of the prospectus are able to easily access website addresses that are referenced in the prospectus and to provide registrants with flexibility to take advantage of potential technological improvements. This requirement does not apply to an electronic version of a statutory prospectus filed on the EDGAR system.^[614]

Although we proposed that this requirement would also apply to cross-references included in an electronic version of the statutory prospectus, for the reasons discussed above, and to parallel a similar change with regards to a parallel provision for summary prospectuses, we are not adopting this requirement with regards to electronic versions of the statutory prospectus.^[615]

Several commenters asserted that the proposed requirement could be burdensome because it would necessitate continuous maintenance to determine whether the hyperlinked websites have changed locations of information.^[616] From staff's experience with insurer websites, we understand that insurers typically link to landing pages which are unlikely to change locations, and thus any such burden would be minimal relative to the benefits investors and others receive from such hyperlinks. Another commenter asked for guidance regarding what would constitute noncompliance with regards to failure to update an active hyperlink that had become a “dead link.” ^[617] Although a finding of noncompliance would depend on the facts and circumstances in question, we would generally consider the hyperlinking requirement to be met if the insurer has reasonable procedures in place to ensure compliance, and the insurer takes prompt action to ensure that the hyperlink is active as soon as practicable following the earlier of the time at which it knows or reasonably should have known that the hyperlink is not active.^[618]

2. Part A (Information Required in a Prospectus)

Table 4 shows how our amendments revise the item requirements of Part A of the variable contract registration forms. Although commenters did not raise broad objections to our proposed amendments, commenters raised concerns with and/or requested clarification on various items, as discussed in more detail below. To the extent we received no comments on certain items, we are adopting them as proposed, as discussed further below.

a. Front and Back Cover Pages (Item 1 of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6)

We are adopting these amendments to the front and back cover pages of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 largely as proposed.

We are amending Item 1 of each registration form, largely as proposed,^[620] to reflect the requirements for the prospectus cover pages required by Item 1 of current Form N-6, with three additional disclosures that will be made on the front cover page. We received no comments regarding these proposed additional disclosures.

• First, the name of the contract and the class or classes, if any, to which the contract relates to help clarify the specific contract and class or classes covered by the prospectus; ^[621]

• Second, as with the initial summary prospectus and updating summary prospectus, a statement directing an investor to the Investor.gov website for additional information; ^[622] and

• Third, as with the initial summary prospectus, a legend informing investors about the free look period, if applicable.^[623]

To streamline the front cover page and because similar information would appear in tabular presentation in the prospectus, the Commission proposed to eliminate the current requirements in Forms N-3 and N-4 that the registrant include on the front cover page the type of separate account and names of the available portfolio companies. We received one comment letter which supported removal of the names of the available portfolio companies and did not object to removal of the name of the type of separate account, and we are adopting these changes as proposed.^[624]

Additionally, as proposed, we are amending the prospectus back cover page to include certain additional information concerning: (1) The availability of the SAI and how to request other information about the contract; (2) whether and from where information is incorporated by reference into the prospectus as permitted by proposed Part D of the Form's General Instructions; and (3) the EDGAR contract identifier for the contract.^[625]

b. Key Information (Item 2 of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6)

Largely as proposed, we are adding new Item 2 to the registration forms, which requires a statutory prospectus to include the Key Information Table providing a brief description of key facts about the variable contract.^[626] The Key Information Table also appears in the initial summary prospectus and the updating summary prospectus, except that it can vary depending on the scope of the initial summary prospectus (which can only describe a single contract that the registrant currently offers for sale), in contrast to the updating summary prospectus and statutory prospectus (which can describe multiple contracts under the conditions of the amended General Instructions to the registration forms). An updating summary prospectus that describes multiple contracts can contain a separate Key Information Table for each of the contracts, or use a different presentation approach that consistently discloses the required information for each contract in the required order.

We received several comments on the substance and location of this Item in the context of the initial summary prospectus and the updating summary prospectus. As discussed above in the context of the summary prospectus, we are largely adopting the disclosure requirements of this Item as proposed, with certain modifications to address points raised by commenters, including shifting the location of this Item forward to be closer to the beginning of the summary prospectus. For similar reasons discussed with respect to the summary prospectus, we believe that those modifications should apply equally in the context of the statutory prospectus.

c. Overview of the Contract (Item 3 of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6)

As proposed, we are adding new Item 3 to the registration forms, which requires registrants to include certain basic and introductory information about the contract and its benefits.^[627] These disclosures are also required in initial summary prospectuses.^[628]

We received several comments on the substance of this Item in the context of the initial summary prospectus.^[629] As discussed above, however, we are adopting the disclosure requirements of this Item as proposed for the initial summary prospectus.^[630]

d. Fee Table (Item 4 of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6)

Largely as proposed, we are amending Item 3 of the current registration forms (which we are re-designating as Item 4) to simplify and update current fee and expense disclosure obligations.^[631]

i. General Comments (Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6)

One commenter stated that many statutory prospectuses currently use terminology for fees and charges that differs from the terminology that appears in the proposed Fee Table, and suggested that the imposition of standardized terminology might obligate an insurer to re-file contract forms with state insurance departments.^[632] The commenter concluded that the Commission should permit insurers the flexibility to use existing and prior terminology in the Fee Table, as well as new terminology in the future.

As discussed above, we are revising the General Instructions of the registration forms to generally provide broad flexibility to use alternate terminology other than that specified in the applicable registration statement, so long as the alternate terminology clearly conveys the meaning of, or provides comparable information as, the terms used in the registration statement.^[633] In addition, as proposed, we are providing further flexibility by allowing registrants to modify a narrative explanation in the Fee Table if the explanation contains comparable information to that shown.^[634]

Another commenter asked generally for clarification whether disclosure is needed for fees that are zero (e.g., front-end load for a fund with no front-end load).^[635] Largely as proposed, we are adopting Instruction 3 to the Fee Table, which states that a registrant may omit captions if the registrant does not charge or reserve the right to charge the fees or expenses covered by the captions.^[636] Therefore, in response to the commenter, if a registrant that does not charge or reserve the right to charge a particular fee wishes to omit that information, it may.

Other commenters suggested changes to the Fee Table that are beyond the scope of this current rulemaking, including interactive fee calculators and customized disclosures that would be accessed via links available only through password protected login-in screens.^[637] More generally, one commenter noted that Fee Tables can be long and complex, and suggested that the Commission consider ways to streamline presentation of information in Fee Tables.^[638]

We recognize that variable insurance products can in some cases feature numerous optional benefits and investment options—each of which may be associated with a different fee and collectively may result in lengthy disclosures. However, we continue to believe that the full Fee Table should remain included in variable insurance contract prospectuses to provide investors with comprehensive fee and expense information regarding the optional benefits, investment options, and other charges associated with the contracts being offered. In order to provide investors with shorter, more tailored discussion, as discussed above, we are requiring the disclosure of certain summary information in the Key Information Table to convey the importance of the contract's fee and expense structure. This framework allows an investor to determine the level of fee information that best suits his or her informational needs (i.e., the summary fee information in the Key Information Table or the more detailed and comprehensive information in the Fee Table).

ii. Transaction Expenses (Forms N-3 and N-4)

The Commission proposed to retitle the current “Contractowner Transaction Expenses” table in Forms N-3 and N-4 as “Annual Transaction Expenses.” Commenters pointed out that certain of the listed fees in the table are not deducted on an annual basis but instead are deducted only when the investor initiates certain transactions (e.g., sales loads, exchange fees, etc.).^[639] Accordingly, we are retitling this table as “Transaction Expenses.”

As proposed, we are removing the current “Surrender Fees” line-item in this table, on the grounds that the current “Deferred Sales Load” line-item in the table should already capture these fees.^[640] Correspondingly, we are revising the title of the “Deferred Sales Load” line-item to include “Deferred Sales Load (or Surrender Charge)” to clarify that a registrant should continue to include surrender charges in the table.

One commenter stated that surrender terms need to be clear and prominent, including penalties for early withdrawal or loans and tax consequences, as well as the date that is specific to that investor when he or she can access the contract value without penalty.^[641] We note that the disclosures we are adopting in this document are not intended to provide information tailored to the particular circumstances of each investor. We further note, however, that under the form amendments we are adopting in this document, disclosure regarding surrender charges is required in the Fee Table as well as in the new Key Information Table, while additional disclosure requirements will govern the disclosure of surrenders and withdrawals, loans, and taxes elsewhere in the prospectus.^[642] Collectively, we believe these disclosure requirements are sufficient to address the concerns raised by the commenter.

iii. Annual Contract Expenses (Forms N-3 and N-4) and Periodic Charges Other Than Annual Portfolio Company Expenses (Form N-6)

We are adopting, as proposed, several changes to the current “Annual Account Fee” and “Annual Expenses” line-items in Form N-3,^[643] and the current “Annual Contract Fee and Separate Account Annual Expenses” table in Form N-4. As proposed, each is retitled, as a stand-alone table, under the heading “Annual Contract Expenses” in both forms to clarify that the item reflects insurance-related annual contract fees and not the fees related to investment options.

In addition, largely as proposed, we are modifying the captions for existing line-items, consolidating certain line-items, and adding a new line-item for optional benefits in this table in each form.^[644] Under the amendments, the “Annual Contract Expenses” table in Forms N-3 and N-4 is composed of the following line-items:

• Administrative Expenses. As proposed, the line-item “Annual Contract Fee” in Form N-4 (“Annual Expenses” in Form N-3) is replaced with the more plain-English “Administrative Expenses.” ^[645] One commenter requested clarification about what expenses should be included in Administrative Expenses as opposed to Base Contract Expenses.^[646] In response to this comment, we are revising the instruction to the Administrative Expenses line-item to clarify that Administrative Expenses include any contract, account, or similar fee imposed on all investor accounts on a dollar basis (e.g., $50 per year).^[647] As discussed further below, Base Contract Expenses include similar charges that are imposed on a percentage basis.

• Base Contract Expenses. Largely as proposed, we are consolidating the current line-item under “Annual Expenses” in Form N-3 (“Mortality and Expense Risk Fees”), and the current line-items under “Separate Account Annual Expenses” in Form N-4 (“Mortality and Expense Risk Fees,” “Account Fees and Expenses,” and “Total Separate Account Annual Expenses”) under a single new line-item in each table, “Base Contract Expenses,” which discloses those fees in the aggregate as a percentage of average account value. Collapsing these fees into a single line-item is intended to make it easier for investors to understand the annual cost of investing in the basic variable contract.^[648] Any other recurring charge (other than charges associated with the portfolio companies) appears as an additional line-item in the Annual Contract Expenses table in Form N-4, which discloses the maximum amount or basis on which the charge is deducted.^[649]

• Other Expenses. Similarly, and in a change from the proposal, “Other Expenses” remains a separate line-item in Form N-3 and is not consolidated as part of “Base Contract Expenses.” Registrants on Form N-3 are management investment companies and are subject to certain expenses that do not apply to unit investment trust registrants on Form N-4 and N-6. Because such expenses can vary over time, we believe it may be helpful for investors to continue to see such expenses as part of a separate line-item rather than consolidated as part of Base Contract Expenses.
• Management Fees. Unlike Forms N-4 and N-6, which as discussed below require separate disclosures about annual portfolio company expenses, Form N-3 does not require such disclosures because Form N-3 registrants have a single-tier structure and do not have underlying portfolio companies. However, Form N-3 registrants generally do have distinct management fees for each investment option offered under the contract. Since these management fees can vary significantly, we are requiring disclosure of the management fee for each investment option, as proposed.^[650]

• Optional Benefits. In recognition of the fact that variable contracts today commonly offer optional benefits, the table in Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 requires, as proposed, a new line-item that requires registrants to list any optional benefit available under the contract, along with its corresponding annual charge.^[651] In Form N-6, this same new line-item, as proposed, is added in the “Periodic Charges Other Than Portfolio Company Operations Expenses” table.^[652] One commenter suggested that insurers should be permitted, but not required, to include benefits available at no additional charge in the Fee Table.^[653] We believe that inclusion of these benefits could add complexity and length to the Fee Table and obscure significant fees that are more relevant to investors, and therefore benefits available at no additional charge are neither required nor permitted to be included in the Fee Table. As discussed further below, registrants that wish to itemize all these benefits can do so in their disclosure of benefits available under the contract.^[654]

• Total Annual Contract Expenses. In Form N-3, we are adopting, as proposed, a new requirement to disclose total annual contract expenses, and a related instruction specifying that total annual contract expenses should be disclosed as a percentage of account value.^[655] While annual contract expenses are generally calculated as a percentage of account value, optional benefit expenses may be calculated on a different basis, such as a percentage of the benefit base or as a percentage of average net assets. The new instruction provides that if optional benefit expenses are calculated on a basis other than account value, registrants should prominently indicate that those optional benefit expenses are not included in total annual contract expenses (because they are calculated on different bases and cannot be added). However, we understand that most registrants on Form N-3 either do not offer optional benefits or else calculate optional benefit expenses on an account value basis. We therefore believe that requiring disclosure of total annual contract expenses is appropriate for Form N-3 registrants, because the disclosure will be practicable and could help investors understand the total expenses (not including portfolio company fees and expenses) that they will pay each year. The requirement to disclose total annual contract expenses in Form N-3 differs from the approach to disclosing annual contract expenses in amended Form N-4, which requires separate line-items for administrative expenses, base contract expenses, and optional benefit expenses, but does not require the disclosure of a composite total of these line-items.^[656] We understand that most registrants on Form N-4 calculate optional benefit expenses on a basis other than contract value. Because of this, it would generally be infeasible to sum optional benefit expenses with other expenses that are presented as annual contract expense line-items.

iv. Annual Portfolio Company Expenses (Forms N-4 and N-6)

Largely as proposed, we are amending the disclosures that registrants provide with respect to the “Annual Portfolio Company Expenses” table in FormsN-4 and N-6.^[657] As proposed, we are revising the legend that precedes the table to direct investors to the new Appendix relating to the portfolio companies available under the contract.^[658] As a conforming change, and as proposed, we are eliminating an instruction in each form stating that a registrant may include additional tables showing annual expenses separately for each portfolio company immediately following the required table, as this information will duplicate the fee information that appears in the new Appendix.^[659]

In a change from the proposal, and in response to commenters, a new instruction in each form provides that if the registrant charges a platform charge to make any of the portfolio companies available as investment options under the contract, the registrant should include the maximum platform charge associated with each portfolio company when calculating minimum and maximum annual portfolio company expenses.^[660] In a conforming change, we are also revising the name of this table from “Total Annual Portfolio Company Operating Expenses” to “Annual Portfolio Company Expenses” to clarify that the expenses included within the table are not limited to total operating expenses. If platform charges are charged, registrants must also provide a brief statement regarding the inclusion of these platform charges.^[661]

We are also simplifying other instructions to the table. As proposed, we are revising an instruction in each form to instruct registrants to use the gross expense ratio presented in the fee table of a portfolio company's current prospectus when disclosing the minimum and maximum “Annual Portfolio Company Expenses.” ^[662] The current instruction contains instructions for calculating Annual Portfolio Company Expenses, which results in a figure that is the same as the gross expense ratio presented in a portfolio company's prospectus fee table. Directing registrants to use the gross expense ratio reflected in a portfolio company's current prospectus avoids the need to provide detailed instructions in the form regarding how to calculate this figure (as is the case with the current instruction).^[663]

Also, as proposed, we are revising an instruction in each form to modify the way that registrants could reflect operating expenses that include expense reimbursement or fee waiver arrangements.^[664] Currently, the instruction specifies that such expenses could appear in a footnote to the table. The revised instruction instead states that these could appear as an additional line-item to the table. We believe that including these disclosures as a separate line-item in the table provides a clearer presentation for investors than a footnote to the table.^[665] In a change from the proposal, and in response to commenters, this instruction also provides that if the registrant charges a platform charge to make any of the portfolio companies available as investment options under the contract, the registrant should include the current platform charge associated with each portfolio company when calculating minimum and maximum annual portfolio company expenses that include expense reimbursement or fee waiver arrangements.^[666]

v. Example (Forms N-3 and N-4)

We are updating the requirements for the Example that will appear in the Fee Table in Forms N-3 and N-4 in several respects. First, as proposed, we are revising the legend accompanying the Example to reflect the revised Fee Table headings and to reference the inclusion of optional benefits in the Example's assumptions. We believe the Example should reflect the highest cost that an investor may pay under the contract, inclusive of any available optional benefits.

As proposed, we are increasing the value of the assumed investment from $10,000, as required under Item 3 of current Form N-4 (and $1,000, as required under Item 3 of current Form N-3), to $100,000. Several commenters objected to this change but, as discussed above, we continue to believe that $100,000 more closely approximates the current average value of a variable annuity and is more likely to result in cost projections that align with actual investor expectations and experience.^[667]

As proposed, we are revising the instructions for the Example to clarify that registrants must provide an example for each contract class, consistent with current practice.^[668] Also, as proposed, we are revising Instruction 21(b) in current Form N-4 (which we are re-numbering as Instruction 18(b)), and adding new Instruction 17(b) in Form N-3, to make clear that that an example showing the most expensive combination of contract features should be shown first, while additional expense examples are permitted, but not required.

In addition, as proposed, we are removing the last sentence of Instruction 21(b) of current Form N-4, which states that in lieu of providing the required example based on maximum portfolio company expenses, a registrant may include separate expense examples based on the expenses of each portfolio company. In our experience, registrants rarely include separate expense examples based on the expense of each portfolio company (likely because to do so would add extensive length to the Example section of the prospectus). Eliminating this option therefore not only reflects actual practice, but is also consistent with our goal of streamlining prospectus disclosure.

As proposed, we are also making certain technical corrections to Instructions 21(a) and (b) of current Form N-4, by eliminating references to amortization costs, which do not apply to variable annuity contracts that are structured as UITs.^[669]

vi. Portfolio Turnover (Form N-3)

Because Form N-3 registrants have a single-tier structure, investors do not receive separate prospectuses containing portfolio turnover information for investment options offered under the contract, as is the case for portfolio companies offered under contracts registered on Forms N-4 and N-6. As proposed, we are requiring disclosure of portfolio turnover for each investment option in Form N-3, as well as a brief statement explaining that portfolio turnover has associated transaction costs, and that a higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction cost, which affect the investment option's performance.^[670] These disclosure requirements largely restate existing requirements in caption 10 of Item 4(a) of current Form N-3, although they include the brief statement that is required by the parallel item in Form N-1A in order to provide more context and information for investors.^[671]

vii. General Instructions (Forms N-3,N-4, and N-6)

In addition to specific instructions associated with each of the tables and the Example(s) that appear in response to the amended Item 4 disclosure requirements, we are also updating the general instructions associated with this item.

Instruction 1(a) to the Fee Table in current Form N-6 instructs registrants to round all dollar figures to the nearest dollar and all percentages to the nearest hundredth of one percent.^[672] Because of the underwriting process inherent in variable life insurance contracts, rounding dollar figures to the nearest dollar for certain younger and healthier investors may result in disclosures of zero cost for certain fees, which may be misleading for investors. Therefore, as proposed, we are modifying this instruction to only require rounding percentages to the nearest hundredth of one percent.^[673]

We are also, as proposed, revising Instruction 5 to the Fee Table in Form N-4 to state that if a fee is calculated based on a benchmark (e.g., a fee that varies according to volatility levels or Treasury yields), the registrant must disclose a maximum guaranteed charge as a single number. We believe that this revised instruction will help minimize confusion regarding how much an investor can expect to pay under the contract and will better assist investors in understanding the costs they will pay when investing in a variable annuity. Without this clarifying statement, registrants that offer variable annuity contracts that link certain fees to benchmarks might seek only to present the maximum fee as a range (e.g., a certain percentage plus or minus a stated benchmark).^[674] Under the revised instruction, a registrant that chooses to disclose the fee range (e.g., a fee that varies based on the 10-year Treasury rate) associated with a particular feature could do so, as long as it also discloses the maximum possible charge (e.g., 3%). We are also, as proposed, adding a parallel provision to Form N-3 as Instruction 5 to the Fee Table.

As part of our effort to update the Fee Table, we are, as proposed, modifying current Instruction 1.(f) to the Fee Table in Form N-3 and Instruction 6 to the Fee Table in Form N-4 to eliminate language that is redundant in light of new General Instruction C.3.(e) of both forms.^[675] We are also including new Instruction 7 to the Fee Table in Forms N-3 and N-4, which requires registrants offering a contract with more than one class to provide fee and expense information for each class (and, for Form N-3 registrants, to require registrants offering more than one investment option to provide a separate response for each investment option).^[676]

viii. Instructions for New Variable Contract Registrants (Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6)

Finally, as proposed, we are eliminating certain instructions in Item 3 of current Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 relating to new variable contract registrants. Specifically, we are eliminating Instructions 4(d)(i), 4(f)(ii), 4(g)(vi) and Instruction (f) under “Example” in Form N-3, Instruction 22 of Form N-4, and Instruction 5 of Form N-6 as the staff has found these instructions to be unnecessary.

For example, Instruction 4(d)(i) to Item 3 of current Form N-3, Instruction 22(a) to Item 3 of current Form N-4, and Instruction 5(a) to current Item 3 of Form N-6 instruct a registrant to base the percentages in the Annual Portfolio Company Expenses table on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year, but we understand that these operating expenses need not be estimated because they do not vary based on whether the registrant is new or already exists. Likewise, Instructions 4(f)(ii) and 4(g)(vi) to Item 3 of current Form N-3, Instruction 22(b) to Item 3 of current Form N-4, and Instruction 5(b) to Item 3 of current Form N-6 state that a new registrant may disclose any expense reimbursement or fee waiver arrangements that are expected to reduce the expenses that the table would show. Because Instruction 15(e) in Item 4 of amended Form N-3, Instruction 17 in Item 4 of amended Form N-4, and Instruction 4(b) in Item 4 of amended Form N-6 address this same issue, and we do not see a reason to distinguish between new and existing registrants for this purpose, these current Instructions are unnecessary.

Lastly, Instruction (f) under the “Example” in Item 3 of current Form N-3 and Instruction 22(c) to Item 3 of current Form N-4 state that new registrants must only complete the 1- and 3- year period portions of the Example and estimate any annual contract fees collected. However, because variable contract charges at the separate account level are contractual and do not vary based on whether the variable contract registrant is new or existing, we believe a new registrant's Example should include the full 1-,3-, 5-, and 10-year periods required of existing registrants. For these reasons, we are, as proposed, eliminating these current Instructions in their entirety from the forms.

e. Accumulation Unit Value Disclosure (Not Included in Amended Forms N-3 and N-4)

In a change from the proposal, we are eliminating the requirement in Forms N-3 and N-4 for a registrant to disclose, for the last ten fiscal years and for each subaccount, the accumulation unit value at the beginning and end of each period and the number of accumulation units outstanding at the end of each period (the “AUV tables”).^[677] For variable annuity contracts, the change in accumulation unit value provides a measure of performance of the registrant's sub-accounts.^[678]

When the AUV tables were adopted in 1985, the approach did not anticipate the proliferation of variations in contract charges and optional benefits that has resulted in numerous possible combinations of contract charges.^[679] Since registrants commonly maintain a separate class of accumulation units for each combination of separate account charges, the AUV tables add considerable length (sometimes hundreds of pages) to the contract prospectus, which may overwhelm other important information.^[680] Because only one combination of contract charges is relevant to any individual investor (depending on the contract features he or she selects), much of the required disclosure is of limited value to most investors.^[681]

Several commenters generally stated that the AUV tables do not include all the fees paid by investors because many of the fees are assessed at the contract level, rather than the unit level, and concluded that the AUV tables are confusing to investors, burdensome for insurers, and should be entirely eliminated.^[682] In responding more specifically to the proposed amendments, one commenter stated that registrants would need to engage in massive system investments in order to provide investors with individualized subaccount performance for each subaccount held by that investor, and suggested the Commission should revise its proposed amendments to: (1) Reduce the information required to be included in AUV tables included in registration statements; (2) reduce the information required to be included in account statements for those registrants who wish to provide AUV information there instead of in registration statements; and (3) permit registrants to post AUV tables online rather than in registration statements.^[683]

After considering the points raised by commenters and reevaluating the continued utility of these disclosures, we have decided to eliminate the AUV table requirement for variable annuities in its entirety. Although AUV tables served a helpful role at the time those requirements were initially adopted, the current proliferation of variations in optional benefits and contract charges has resulted in AUV tables which in some cases span hundreds of pages in order to encompass all such possible combinations, even though only one combination of optional benefits and contract charges would be applicable to a given investor. In addition, there are separate AUVs for each investment option based on those individual combinations of optional benefits, further complicating efforts to understand the net performance of the overall account. Further, to the extent an investor seeks to understand the net performance of any individual option, the investor could much more easily get the summary information that is provided in the Appendix to the summary prospectus.^[684] Our decision to eliminate AUV tables is also consistent with our overarching goals of this rule adoption, which are to streamline the forms for variable contracts and to provide investors with pertinent information that is most likely to be used by, and useful to, them.

When the registration form for variable life insurance contracts was adopted in 2002, the Commission determined not to require disclosure of AUV tables for variable life prospectuses, The Commission recognized that the individualized nature of variable life insurance charges (i.e., as part of the underwriting process, charges are assessed individually to each investor based on his or her particular characteristics) made it difficult to provide measures of performance that applied were meaningful across the full investor base.^[685] Similarly, because of the numerous permutations of variable annuity contract charges today (due to classes of contracts, availability of multiple optional benefits, etc.), it is difficult to provide a standard set of disclosures that are relevant to the investor base at large of a particular variable annuity contract.

In addition, while the AUV tables are designed to reflect the performance of a sub-account after reflecting contract charges that are based on separate account value, we recognize many contract charges today are based on other values (such as benefit base), which cannot be reflected in AUV values. Instead of these charges reducing the value of a particular class of accumulation units, the assessment of these charges reduces the number of accumulation units in an investor's account.

Moreover, we understand that registrants currently provide investors with periodic disclosures about their investments in the contract that include sub-account related information, such as account statements that disclose the number of each class of accumulation units and the dollar value of each such class. Although such disclosures generally do not include the actual performance of each subaccount, we understand that such measures of performance would be difficult to generate and may not be necessary given the other disclosures provided to investors.

After considering the limited utility of the AUV table disclosures to investors (as well as to Commission staff) and the substantial burdens necessary for registrants to prepare them, we have decided to eliminate the requirement for these disclosures in their entirety rather than move them to the SAI as proposed (or require them to be posted online as suggested by commenters). As discussed above, however, we are adopting the other amendments to this item (i.e., re-designating Item 4(c) of current Form N-3 and Item 4(b) of current Form N-4 as Items 17 and 16, respectively) as proposed.^[686]

f. Principal Risks of Investing in the Contract (Item 5 of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6)

As proposed, we are adding new Item 5 to Forms N-3 and N-4, which requires registrants to summarize the principal risks of purchasing a contract, including the risks of poor investment performance, that contracts are unsuitable as short-term savings vehicles, limitations on access to cash value through withdrawals, and the possibility of adverse tax consequences. The new disclosure item for Forms N-3 and N-4 generally mirrors Item 2(b) of current Form N-6 (which we are re-designating as Item 5), with the exception of the risk of contract lapse.^[687] Although registrants currently include risk disclosures in their prospectuses without an explicit form requirement to do so, in some cases the risk discussions are provided across various sections of the prospectus. We believe the approach taken in Form N-6 of requiring a consolidated summary of the principal risks associated with the contract provides more effective communication of risks to investors.

Although current Form N-6 requires risk disclosures to be presented in a summary section at the front of the statutory prospectus, we are requiring for each registration form that the risk section be provided after the Key Information Table and Fee Table. While the Key Information Table includes a condensed discussion of contract risks, new Item 5 gives registrants the flexibility to describe the principal risks of investing in the contract in more detail than what could reasonably appear in a table meant to summarize the contract's key risks and features. While we are not limiting the length of the summary of principal risks in response to new Item 5, we believe that the utility of a summary would be undermined by the long, complex descriptions we sought to avoid when we adopted the summary principal risk section as part of Form N-6.^[688]

One commenter asked whether the inclusion of a consolidated principal risk section meant that registrants were permitted, but not required, to repeat principal risks elsewhere throughout the prospectus.^[689] The commenter also asked whether non-principal risks needed to be included in the principal risk section.

The principal risks section is designed to provide a consolidated presentation of principal risks which can be cross-referenced by registrants to reduce repetition that might otherwise occur if the same principal risks are repeated in different sections of the prospectus. For example, in order to facilitate the ability of investors to understand principal risks in the context of other, related disclosures, a variable life insurance registrant disclosing other benefits available under the contract could briefly mention and cross-reference the relevant principal risks discussion of limitations on death benefits due to war or active duty service in the military. At the same time, we believe that the inclusion of non-principal risks (that are not otherwise required to be disclosed in the prospectus) could add complexity and length to the prospectus and obscure principal risks that are more relevant to investors, and therefore such non-principal risks are neither required nor permitted to be included in the prospectus.^[690]

In drafting their principal risk disclosures, registrants generally should consider approaches that may improve these disclosures for investors. For example, we encourage registrants to:

• List their principal risks in order of importance rather than alphabetically;
• Tailor their risk disclosures to the particular contract offered, as opposed to providing generic, standardized risk disclosures or risks that generally are not inherent in an investment in the contract;
• Consider disclosing that the contract is not appropriate for certain investors given the particular characteristics of the contract; and
• Periodically review their risk disclosures, including the order of their risks, and consider whether the disclosures remain adequate in light of the contract's characteristics and market conditions.^[691]

g. General Description of Registrant, Depositor, and Investment Options/Portfolio Companies (Item 6 of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Item 5 of current Forms N-3 and N-4, and Item 4 of current Form N-6, which we are re-designating as Item 6 in each of the registration forms. Reflecting the more up-to-date requirements of the parallel item of current Form N-6, we are amending Forms N-3 and N-4 to relocate certain information from the prospectus to the SAI: (1) With respect to the depositor, a description of the general nature of its business, its date and form of organization and the state or other jurisdiction under which it is organized, and information relating to persons controlling the depositor; and (2) with respect to the registrant, its date and form of organization and classification pursuant to Section 4 of the Investment Company Act, and whether there are sub-accounts of the registrant.^[692] In addition, for consistency with Form N-6 and our newer registration forms,^[693] in Forms N-3 and N-4 we are relocating the requirement to identify and state the principal business address of any person who provides significant administrative or business affairs management services, and a description of those services, from the prospectus to the SAI.^[694]

One commenter noted that our proposed amendments would not affect current prospectus requirements to concisely describe investor rights to instruct the voting of portfolio company shares.^[695] The commenter asserted that this disclosure is largely boilerplate and is typically carried forward each year without change or modification, and recommended that this disclosure be moved to the SAI. We are retaining this disclosure in the prospectus as proposed. We believe that this disclosure provides important information to investors of their rights in this regard, and that the prospectus, rather than the SAI, is the more appropriate location for the disclosure.

As proposed, we are also amending the information required by the current item in Forms N-4 and N-6 regarding portfolio companies (and for Form N-3, investment options).^[696] As discussed below, and as proposed, we are moving the summary of certain information about the portfolio companies and investment options to an Appendix in the prospectus.^[697] Therefore, with respect to Forms N-4 and N-6, we are revising this item to replace the current requirement to briefly describe each portfolio company ^[698] with a requirement to state that certain information about the portfolio companies is available in the Appendix and to cross-reference that Appendix, to further state that more detailed information is available in the portfolio companies' prospectuses, and to explain how investors may obtain copies of those prospectuses.^[699]

As proposed, new Item 18 of Form N-3 similarly requires a comparable Appendix of investment options, but only if the Appendix is included in a summary prospectus.^[700] Registrants also must include more detailed disclosures about investment options as required by new Item 19, as proposed. New Item 19 generally includes the disclosures required by current Item 5(c) through (e) regarding investment objectives and policies and principal risk factors associated with investing, as well as additional disclosures regarding the performance of each investment option.^[701] Similar to Forms N-4 and N-6, amended Item 6 requires a Form N-3 registrant to state that certain information about the investment options is available in the Appendix (pursuant to new Item 18) or elsewhere in the prospectus (pursuant to new Item 19), and provide cross-references as appropriate.

h. Charges (Item 8 of Form N-3, Item 7 of Forms N-4 and N-6)

Largely as proposed, we are amending Item 7 of current Form N-3 and Item 6 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-titling, and re-designating as Item 8 (in the case of Form N-3) and Item 7 (in the case of Form N-4)) to reflect the more up-to-date requirements of the parallel item of current Form N-6.^[702]

As proposed, paragraph (a) expands the disclosure requirements of the current item in Forms N-3 and N-4 to include certain additional disclosure requirements that currently appear in the parallel item of Form N-6. The amended items require a registrant to provide a brief description of charges deducted from “any other source” (in addition to charges specifically deducted from purchase payments, investor accounts or assets of the registrant, which is currently required). These additional charges could include, for example, contract loan charges and optional benefit charges. In addition, and as proposed, we are requiring that the registrant describe: (1) The frequency of deductions (e.g., daily, monthly or annually) for any recurring charges; and (2) the consideration provided for particular charges (e.g., use of sales load to pay distribution costs), to the extent it is possible to identify such consideration. We believe these additional disclosures could help alleviate investor confusion about costs by more specifically describing the types of charges that might be incurred under a variable annuity contract.

In addition, and as proposed, Instruction 1 to paragraph (a) of the amended item in Forms N-3 and N-4 requires a description of the factors affecting the computation of the amount of the sales load.^[703] For contracts with a deferred sales load, Instruction 1 requires the registrant to describe the sales load as a percentage of the applicable measure of purchase payments (or other basis) that the deferred sales load may represent, rather than the amount withdrawn or surrendered. Additionally, and as proposed, registrants must identify any events that will cause the deduction of a deferred sales load (e.g., surrender or withdrawal). The description of any deferred sales load must include how the deduction will be allocated if the investor has allocated contract value among multiple sub-accounts and when, if ever, the sales load will be waived (e.g., if the contract provides a free withdrawal amount).

As proposed, we are also adding new Instruction 4 to paragraph (a) of the amended item of Forms N-3 andN-4.^[704] If the contract's charge for premium taxes or other taxes varies according to jurisdiction, new Instruction 4 clarifies that identifying the range of current premium taxes or other taxes in this paragraph is sufficient.

One commenter noted that our proposed amendments would not revise the current requirement in paragraph (b) to state the commissions paid to dealers as a percentage of purchase payments.^[705] The commenter suggested the Commission should revise this requirement to include upfront and trail commissions as well as other methods of compensation. We believe that registrants responding to this disclosure requirement currently already include all compensation provided to dealers because the wording of the current instruction does not limit or otherwise specify certain types of compensation and the disclosure, as adopted, mirrors that in Form N-1A, and do not believe that any further changes are needed to this disclosure requirement.^[706]

As proposed, we are also amending the item related to charges in each form to clarify that the required disclosures should relate to “current” charges.^[707] Disclosure of “maximum” charges would be redundant because those charges are encompassed in the Fee Table that would be included in the prospectus.^[708]

In addition, and largely as proposed, we are amending the item of Form N-6 relating to charges in two respects. First, as proposed, we are relocating disclosures on commissions paid to dealers from the SAI ^[709] to the prospectus.^[710] We believe that this disclosure, which is currently required in the prospectus under Forms N-3 and N-4,^[711] is more appropriate in the prospectus due to potential conflict of interest concerns.

Second, the Commission also proposed to require a description of the type of operating expenses for which the registrant is responsible,^[712] which Forms N-3 and N-4 currently require in the prospectus.^[713] One commenter suggested that this requirement is generally not relevant to contracts registered on Forms N-4 and N-6, because those contracts typically have charges deducted at the subaccount level as opposed to the registrant level.^[714] In response to this comment we are modifying this disclosure requirement to cover “any” (as opposed to “the”) type of operating expense for which the registrant is liable. We believe this modification maintains comparability between the forms and also future-proofs the forms to the extent operating expenses may be deducted at the registrant level in the future. Operating expenses paid by the registrant can be significant, and we believe this is appropriate disclosure for an item discussing contract charges.

i. General Description of the Contracts (Item 9 of Form N-3, Item 8 of Forms N-4 and N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Item 8 of current Form N-3, Item 7 of current Form N-4, and Item 6 of current Form N-6 (which we are re-designating as Items 9, 8, and 8, respectively) to reflect the more up-to-date requirements of Form N-6 (in the case of the amendments to Forms N-3 and N-4) and also to harmonize this disclosure item with other amendments to the forms. Except as described below, we do not intend these amendments to significantly alter current disclosure obligations.

As proposed, we are amending the current instruction to subparagraph (a) of Forms N-3 and N-4, which states that the registrant need not repeat rights that are described elsewhere in the prospectus, and replacing it with a new instruction to subparagraph (a) in each of the forms ^[715] that requires registrants to disclose all material state variations and intermediary-specific variations (e.g., certain contract features that may vary by distribution channel). Due to differences in state insurance law, there may be significant variations in a contract based on the state in which a contract is offered. We have also observed that certain contract features may not be available through certain intermediaries.

As proposed, we are also revising current subparagraph (b) of Forms N-3 and N-4 regarding contract provisions and limitation in two ways.^[716] First, we are requiring registrants to briefly describe any provisions and limitations for minimum contract value and the consequences of falling below that amount, because those consequences in some cases can be significant.^[717] Second, we are modifying the current requirement in Forms N-3 and N-4 regarding exchanges of contracts to more broadly describe provisions or limitations on conversion or exchange of the contract for another contract (which could include a fixed or variable annuity or life insurance contract) as currently required by Form N-6.^[718]

As proposed, we are also revising the disclosure requirement in each registration form to clarify that the existing requirement to describe any provisions and limitations on transfer of contract value between sub-accounts includes transfer programs, such as dollar-cost averaging, portfolio rebalancing, asset allocation programs, and automatic transfer programs.^[719]

As proposed, we are also newly requiring the prospectus to provide a description of the obligations under the contract that the insurer's general account funds (e.g., death benefits, living benefits, or other benefits available under the contract) and include a statement that these amounts are subject to the insurer's claims-paying ability and financial strength.^[720] While some of this information will appear in the Key Information Table,^[721] this item requires registrants to provide more detailed disclosure later in the prospectus.

As proposed, we are also modifying the instruction to the current subparagraph in each form relating to contract or registrant changes to explicitly require disclosure of reservation of the right to substitute one portfolio company for another.^[722] We received two comment letters in favor of this change, on the grounds that this disclosure provides investors with important information about the possibility of future substitutions.^[723] This amendment is intended to formalize the Commission's long-standing position that investors should be put on notice of the possibility that an insurer may substitute one portfolio company for another portfolio company.^[724]

As proposed, we are also eliminating the current subparagraph (d) in Forms N-3 and N-4, which requires a description of how investor inquiries may be made. This description duplicates information required to appear on the back cover page of the prospectus pursuant to Item 1(b)(1) of the amended forms.

Finally, with respect to Forms N-3 and N-4 and as proposed, we are relocating disclosures regarding limitations on classes of purchasers from the cover page of the prospectus ^[725] to the item requiring the general description of contracts.^[726] This revision mirrors Item 6(e) of current Form N-6, helps streamline cover page disclosure, and permits registrants to describe this limitation more fully than if the disclosures had to appear on the cover page (which would necessarily entail space constraints).^[727]

j. Annuity Period (Item 10 of FormN-3, Item 9 of Form N-4)

As proposed, we are amending Item 9 of current Form N-3 and Item 8 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 10 and 9, respectively) to include a new requirement that a registrant state, if applicable, that the investor will not be able to withdraw any contract value amounts after the annuity commencement date.^[728] While the new “Overview” section of the prospectus contains similar information,^[729] the amended annuity period item requirement provides investors with more complete disclosure about a key aspect of annuitization that we believe investors often misunderstand in the context of a more detailed discussion about the annuity benefits under the contract.

k. Standard Death Benefits (Item 10 of Form N-6)

The Commission proposed to amend Item 10 of current Form N-3, Item 9 of current Form N-4, and Item 8 of current Form N-6 (which we are re-designating as Items 11, 10, and 10, respectively) to clarify that the current disclosures required by the item would only apply to the standard death benefit under the contract.^[730] As proposed, registrants would include prospectus disclosure about optional death benefits (as well as standard and optional living benefits) pursuant to proposed Item 12 to Form N-3, and proposed Item 11 to FormsN-4 and N-6.

As discussed above, and in response to issues raised by commenters, we are not requiring this item as a separate disclosure item for variable annuity contracts but are retaining it as a separate disclosure item for variable life insurance contracts.^[731] In addition, as discussed above, and in response to issues raised by commenters, we are largely adopting the substantive disclosure requirements of this item as proposed but are consolidating the disclosure requirements for the initial summary prospectus into paragraph (a) of this item.^[732]

l. Benefits Available Under the Contract (Item 11 of Form N-3, Item 10 of Form N-4), (Other Benefits Available Under the Contract) Item 11 of Form N-6)

Largely as proposed, we are adding a new item to each registration form that requires a registrant to discuss benefits available under the contract (e.g., accumulation benefit, withdrawal benefit, long-term care benefit, etc.).^[733] The Commission proposed that this disclosure item would include optional death benefits but not standard death benefits. As discussed above, we are revising this item to encompass all death benefits for variable annuity contracts but only non-standard death benefits for variable life insurance contracts (i.e., optional or supplemental death benefits that are available for a separate charge), since standard death benefits for variable life insurance contracts will be disclosed pursuant to a standalone disclosure item titled “Standard Death Benefits.”^[734] Accordingly, we are revising the title of this item to read “Benefits Available Under the Contract” for Forms N-3 and N-4, although it remains “Other Benefits Available Under the Contract” for Form N-6.

Largely as proposed, subparagraph (a) of the new item requires a tabular summary overview of each benefit available under the contract (other than death benefits for variable life insurance contracts).^[735] This tabular summary is also required in any initial summary prospectus.^[736] If the contract offers multiple benefits of the same type (e.g., death benefit, accumulation benefit, etc.), the registrant may include multiple tables, if doing so might better permit comparisons of different benefits of the same type.^[737] Registrants should include appropriate titles, headings, or any other information to promote clarity and facilitate understanding of the table(s).^[738] These instructions are designed to accommodate the variety of benefits currently offered or that might be offered in the future, and provide registrants flexibility in presenting this information.

As discussed above, and in response to issues raised by commenters, we are revising the instructions to this table in Forms N-3 and N-4 to clarify that registrants must disclose the maximum limit to which each benefit fee may be raised.^[739] The instructions to this table in Forms N-3 and N-4 also permit registrants to disclose the current charge in a separate column, if the disclosure of the current charge is no more prominent than, and does not obscure or impede understanding of, the disclosure of the maximum charge.^[740] For variable life products registered on Form N-6, where fees are based in part on the personal characteristics of the insured, this item in Form N-6 does not require disclosure of maximum fees, but instead requires a statement explaining that the Fee Table contains information about the fees for each benefit.^[741]

Another commenter suggested that the Benefits Table should not include actual fees, but instead should refer readers to consult the Fee Table which appears elsewhere in the document.^[742] We believe the fee charged for each benefit is an important piece of information that should be included in the tabular summary required by this item to assist investors wishing to compare benefits available under the contract. To further assist investors in making this comparison, we also would not object if registrants included benefits available without charge in this tabular summary of benefits.^[743]

Several commenters stated that the tabular summary contemplated by proposed paragraph (a) does not provide sufficient information for investors to fully understand the differences between the benefits and the choices available to investors under each benefit.^[744] As proposed, paragraphs (b) and (c) of the new item require the statutory prospectus to include narrative disclosures that provide more detailed information regarding each of the benefits presented in the tabular summary and we believe that this, coupled with the table in paragraph (a), will provide sufficient detail regarding the contract benefits without being overly complicated. As proposed, a registrant is required to include a brief description of each benefit (other than the standard death benefit in the case of variable life insurance registrants) offered under the contract,^[745] and a brief description of any limitations, restrictions and risks associated with each benefit.^[746]

Some benefits offered by a contract may have complicated terms that do not readily lend themselves to being fully described in a tabular summary. The narrative disclosures are intended to complement the tabular summary presentation by allowing registrants to discuss the benefits, as well as the limitations, risks, and restrictions associated with each, in more detail without being constrained by the limitations of a tabular presentation. The requirement to discuss the limitations, risks, and restrictions associated with each benefit will also help ensure that these aspects of contract benefits—along with the value they could provide to investors—are discussed in a standardized manner among contract prospectuses.

As proposed, we are including an instruction directing registrants in responding to paragraphs (b) and (c) to provide one or more examples illustrating the operation of each benefit in a clear, concise, and understandable manner.^[747] This instruction is intended to further assist investors in understanding the other benefits offered under the contract.

m. Purchases and Contract Value (Item 12 of Form N-3, Item 11 of Form N-4) and Premiums (Item 9 of Form N-6)

Largely as proposed, we are amending Item 11 of Form N-3 and Item 10 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 12 and 11, respectively) to re-structure the disclosure item and make other minor revisions that do not substantively change current disclosure requirements.^[748] As discussed above, variable annuity initial summary prospectuses will include the disclosures required by subparagraph (a), which requires registrants to briefly describe the procedures for purchasing a contract.^[749]

As discussed above, and in response to issues raised by commenters, we are consolidating the premiums disclosure requirements for the variable life insurance initial summary prospectus into paragraphs (a) through (c) of this item.^[750] These revisions are not intended to substantively alter the disclosures regarding premiums in variable life insurance statutory prospectuses, but instead are simply intended to implement the final disclosure requirements for the initial summary prospectus.

In a change from the proposal, and to parallel other similar changes,^[751] we are also restating certain disclosure requirements to clarify that registrants should provide the required disclosures with regards to investment options (which include any fixed account investment option) as opposed to sub-accounts (which do not include any fixed account investment option).^[752] We understand that this is broadly consistent with current disclosure practices, and we do not believe that these changes should alter existing disclosure requirements.

n. Surrenders and Withdrawals (Item 13 of Form N-3, Item 12 of Form N-4, Item 12 of Form N-6)

We are amending Item 12 of current Form N-3 and Item 11 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-titling and re-designating as Items 13 and 12, respectively) to generally reflect the more up-to-date requirements of the parallel item of Form N-6 and standardize these disclosure requirements across variable product registration forms.^[753]

Largely as proposed, paragraph (a) of the amended item consolidates the current disclosure requirements regarding surrenders and delays in effecting requests for surrender and provides a high-level overview of how an investor can surrender and make withdrawals from a contract, including any limits on the ability to surrender, how the proceeds are calculated, and when they are payable.^[754] As discussed above, the initial summary prospectus also includes the amended paragraph (a) disclosures to provide summary information to investors regarding surrenders and withdrawals.^[755]

As discussed above, several commenters stated that investors viewing initial summary prospectuses would also benefit from disclosures regarding the negative effects of partial withdrawals on benefits, as well as withdrawals made to pay adviser fees.^[756] We agree with those comments, and accordingly we are revising paragraph (a) to include those disclosures and to require disclosure of this information in initial summary prospectuses.

Largely as proposed, paragraphs (b) through (d) require additional information related to the operation of surrenders and withdrawals under the contract, including: (1) Whether and under what circumstances they are available; (2) how they will affect a contract's cash value, death benefit(s), and/or any living benefits; and (3) how partial surrenders and withdrawals will be allocated among the investment options.^[757] In a change from the proposal, and to parallel other similar changes,^[758] we are also restating certain disclosure requirements to clarify that registrants should provide the required disclosures with regards to investment options as opposed to sub-accounts.^[759]

As proposed, paragraph (e) requires registrants to describe any provision for involuntary redemptions and the reasons for such provision.^[760] While Item 12(d) of current Form N-3 and Item 11(d) of current Form N-4 specifically also require a description of any provision for lapse, we are eliminating the requirement to discuss lapse provisions because contract lapse is more relevant in the context of variable life products.^[761]

As proposed, paragraph (f), like Item 12(e) of current Form N-3 and Item 11(e) of current Form N-4, requires the disclosure of any revocation rights. However, to provide additional information relating to an investor's revocation rights, paragraph (f) also requires: (1) A description of how the amount refunded is determined; (2) the method for crediting earnings to purchase payments during the free look period; and (3) whether investment options are limited during the free look period.^[762] We believe these disclosures are particularly important because the free look is typically the only time the investor may leave the contract for multiple years after investing in the contract without paying significant surrender fees and penalties.^[763]

o. Loans (Item 14 of Form N-3, Item 13 of Form N-4, Item 13 of Form N-6)

Largely as proposed, we are amending Form N-6 to consolidate required prospectus and SAI disclosures relating to contract loans ^[764] into a single item in the prospectus.^[765] Given that investors will receive summary information relating to loan provisions in the Overview section of the statutory prospectus (and initial summary prospectus), we believe that investors will benefit from having more complete information on contract loans in a single location.

Specifically, a registrant must briefly describe: (1) The availability of loans; (2) any limitations on that availability (e.g., a prohibition on loans during the first contract year); (3) interest provisions; (4) the effects of loans on contract value and death benefits; (5) any other effects that a loan could have on the contract (e.g., the effect of a contract loan in excess of contract value); and (6) loan procedures.

We understand that variable annuities, like variable life insurance contracts, often offer investors the opportunity to borrow money against the cash value of their contract, and that insurers and intermediaries frequently promote this contract feature in their sales of variable annuities. Therefore, we are also adding new Item 14 to Form N-3 and new Item 13 to Form N-4, which require similar prospectus disclosure about the availability and terms of loans under the contract.^[766]

In a change from the proposal, and to parallel other similar changes,^[767] we are also restating certain disclosure requirements to clarify that registrants should provide the required disclosures with regards to investment options as opposed to sub-accounts.^[768]

p. Lapse and Reinstatement (Item 14 of Form N-6)

The Commission proposed no changes to Item 11 of current Form N-6 (other than re-designation as Item 14). We also proposed that the disclosures required by this item would be included in variable life initial summary prospectuses to provide investors with information about lapse and reinstatement.^[769]

As discussed above, and in response to issues raised by commenters, we are consolidating the lapse and reinstatement disclosure requirements for the initial summary prospectus into paragraphs (a) through (c) of this item.^[770] These revisions are not intended to substantively alter the disclosures regarding lapse and reinstatement in variable life insurance statutory prospectuses, but instead are simply intended to implement disclosure requirements for the initial summary prospectus.

q. Taxes (Item 15 of Form N-3, Item 14 of Form N-4, Item 15 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Item 13 of current Form N-3 and Item 12 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 15 and 14, respectively) to reflect the more up-to-date presentation and disclosure requirements of the parallel provisions of Form N-6.^[771] As amended, this item continues to require registrants to (a) describe the material tax consequences to the investor and beneficiary of buying, holding, exchanging, or exercising rights under the contract, (b) identify the types of qualified plans for which the contract is intended to be used, and (c) describe the effect, if any, of taxation on the determination of cash values or sub-account values.^[772]

However, the amendments specifically limit required disclosures to “material” tax consequences. While the instructions to subparagraph (a) of Item 13 of current Form N-3 and Item 12 of current Form N-4 provide that the “disclosure need not include detailed description of applicable law,” we are eliminating this instruction in light of the amended language limiting disclosures to “material” consequences.

We do not expect any of the amendments to this item to significantly alter current disclosure obligations.

r. Legal Proceedings (Item 16 of Form N-3, Item 15 of Form N-4, Item 16 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Item 14 of current Form N-3 and Item 13 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 16 and 15, respectively) to reflect the more up-to-date presentation and disclosure requirements of the parallel provisions of Form N-6.^[773]

As currently required by Form N-6, the amendments require registrants on Forms N-3 and N-4 to (1) provide a description of the factual basis alleged to underlie the proceeding, and the relief sought, and (2) in addition to describing proceedings that a governmental authority has instituted, include information about proceedings “known to be contemplated” by governmental authorities.^[774] The amendments also eliminate the requirement to discuss pending legal proceedings against any subsidiary of the registrant to mirror the parallel provision in Form N-6 (and Form N-1A) and provide consistency across forms. We believe this is appropriate in the context of separate account registrants, which are unlikely to have subsidiaries.^[775]

These amendments are not expected to significantly alter current disclosure obligations.

s. Financial Statements (Item 17 of Form N-3, Item 16 of Form N-4; Item 17 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are adding new Item 17 to Form N-3 and new Item 16 to Form N-4, which require a statement, under a separate caption, of where any required financial statements of the registrant and the depositor may be found if they are not included in the prospectus.^[776] As proposed, the registrant also must briefly explain how investors may obtain any financial statements not provided in the SAI.^[777] These disclosure requirements conform to a similar requirement included in Item 14 of current Form N-6.

As proposed, the forms' amended General Instructions provide that registrants are free to include in the prospectus financial statements required to be in the SAI, and may also include in the SAI financial statements that may be placed in Part C.^[778] The new item is intended to assist investors in finding and obtaining any financial statements that have been moved at the registrant's discretion from the location where they would otherwise be provided in the registration statement.^[779]

t. Appendix: Portfolio Companies/Investment Options Available Under the Contract (Item 18 of Form N-3, Item 17 of Form N-4, and Item 18 of Form N-6)

Largely as proposed, we are adding a new disclosure item to each registration form (new Item 18 of Form N-3, new Item 17 of Form N-4, and new Item 18 of Form N-6), which requires registrants to include as an Appendix to the prospectus a table that will streamline and replace current prospectus disclosures about the portfolio companies and investment options available under the contract.^[780] This table will appear under the heading “Portfolio Companies/Investment Options Available Under the Contract” and will consolidate certain summary information about each portfolio company into a concise, easy-to-read tabular presentation.^[781]

As discussed above, in response to commenters' suggestions regarding the summary prospectuses, we are making several changes to the content requirements for the Appendix.^[782] In particular, and in response to commenters, we are broadening the scope of the Appendix to encompass all portfolio companies/investment options available as investment options under the contract, as opposed to all portfolio companies/investment options currently offered under the contract, as proposed.^[783] This change is intended to improve disclosures about portfolio companies/investment options that are restricted to investors because of a “soft” or “hard” close, and consequently those portfolio companies/investment options will also be required to be identified as such.^[784]

As proposed, if the availability of one or more portfolio companies varies by benefit offered under the contract, registrants are required to include a separate table or any other presentation that might promote clarity and facilitate understanding of which portfolio companies were available under each of those benefits.^[785] These same disclosures will also appear in the initial summary prospectuses and updating summary prospectus,^[786] except for variations due to the more limited scope of the initial summary prospectus (which can only describe one contract) in contrast to the updating summary prospectus and statutory prospectus (which could describe more than one contract).^[787]

Because we understand that certain variable contracts registered on Form N-3 have very few investment options (and sometimes have only one investment option), we recognize that the Appendix could have limited utility for certain Form N-3 registrants and their investors. For this reason, and as proposed, registrants on Form N-3 can omit the Appendix and instead provide the more detailed disclosures about the investment options offered under the contract required by new Item 19 of Form N-3.^[788] For Form N-3 registrants, the Appendix is required to appear in a statutory prospectus only if the Appendix is included in a summary prospectus.^[789]

Largely as proposed, the same legends that precede the Appendix in the summary prospectus will generally also precede the Appendix in the statutory prospectus.^[790] As discussed above, in response to commenters' suggestions, we are revising these legends to add additional disclosures about the availability of updated performance information, to clarify that performance information does not include platform charges, to state that certain investment options may not be available depending on the optional benefits selected, and to generally streamline the overall presentation.^[791]

Under amended Form N-3, the legend preceding the Appendix must state, in part, as follows: “The current expenses and performance information below reflects contract fees and expenses that are paid by each investor” (in contrast, the parallel legend for Forms N-4 and N-6 will state that current expenses and performance do not reflect contract fees and expenses that are paid by each investor). This difference is intended to reflect the fact that insurance charges are inherently reflected in the expenses and performance of investment options for contracts registered on Form N-3, since those investment options are offered as part of the variable contract. The expenses and performance of portfolio companies offered under contracts registered on Forms N-4 and N-6 do not reflect insurance charges, because those portfolio companies are separately registered as entities distinct from the variable contract. Additionally, only registrants on Forms N-4 and N-6 that chose to utilize the new portfolio company prospectus delivery option are required to include in the Appendix an internet address to a landing page, toll-free telephone number, and email address that investors could use to obtain or request portfolio company statutory and summary prospectuses.^[792]

u. Additional Amendments to FormN-3

As proposed, we are adopting additional amendments to Form N-3 that are generally intended to update and enhance disclosures related to investment options by requiring similar disclosures required for open-end management companies registered on Form N-1A.

v. Management (Item 7 of Form N-3)

As proposed, we are revising Item 6 of current Form N-3 (which we are re-designating as Item 7) to increase consistency among forms used to register management investment companies.^[793] Except as described below, we do not intend these amendments to significantly alter current disclosure obligations.

Among other things, the amendments require disclosure of the compensation paid to each investment adviser of the registrant.^[794] Form N-3 currently includes three fiscal years of such disclosures in the SAI, where they will remain under our amendments, but our amendments also include such disclosures for the most recent fiscal year in the prospectus to highlight this information for investors and to update this aspect of Form N-3 to parallel Form N-1A.^[795] As proposed, the amendments also move certain information from the prospectus to the SAI, including responsibilities of the board of managers, disclosure regarding persons providing administrative or business affairs services, and information regarding brokerage allocations.^[796] We believe this information is more appropriate for disclosure in the SAI, and is consistent with how such information is presented in Form N-1A.

w. Additional Information About Investment Options Available Under the Contract (Item 19 of Form N-3)

As proposed, we are requiring a new item that will provide more detailed information about each of the investment options available under the contract.

As proposed, new paragraphs (a) and (b) restate existing disclosure requirements contained in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of current Item 5 regarding investment strategies and risks to reflect the updated presentation and disclosure requirements of the parallel provisions of Form N-1A. These paragraphs re-focus these disclosure requirements to require more granular disclosure related to each investment option as opposed to broader disclosure regarding registrants.

Specifically, among other things, these amendments require disclosure of whether the investment option may take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with the investment option's principal investment strategies in attempting to respond to adverse market, economic, political, or other conditions. We believe that investors should be informed about investment positions that an investment option can take from time to time that are inconsistent with the investment option's central investment focus.

As proposed, these amendments also require the registrant to disclose, for each investment option, whether it may engage in active and frequent trading of portfolio securities and, if so, the consequences of increased portfolio turnover to investors and the investment option's performance. Increased portfolio turnover can result in increased transaction costs that are ultimately borne by investors. Collectively, these amendments are intended to clarify and enhance the disclosure requirements relating to investment options' strategies and risks, and to increase consistency and thereby promote comparability among forms used to register management investment companies.^[797]

As proposed, new paragraph (c) requires registrants with annual returns for at least one calendar year to provide, for each investment option:

• A bar chart showing the investment option's annual total returns for each of the last 10 calendar years (or for the life of the investment option, if less than 10 years), as well as the investment option's highest and lowest return for a quarter during the period displayed in the chart;
• A table showing the investment option's average annual total returns (with and without taxes on distributions and redemptions) for 1-, 5-, and 10-year calendar periods ending on the date of the most recently completed calendar year (or for the life of the investment option, if shorter), as well as the returns of an appropriate broad-based securities market index for those same periods; and
• Certain explanatory statements, such as how the information in the chart and table illustrates the variability of the investment option's returns, the investment option's past performance is not necessarily an indication of how the investment option will perform in the future, and, if applicable, how updated performance information may be obtained.

The disclosures that new paragraph (c) requires are modeled after the risk/return bar chart and table that Form N-1A currently requires and are intended to supplement the disclosures currently required by Form N-3 regarding accumulation unit income and capital changes ^[798] by providing investors and potential investors with more information about the performance of the investment options offered under the contract.^[799] In particular, the bar chart will illustrate the variability of the investment options' returns and give investors an idea of the attendant risks of each investment option. Likewise, the accompanying table will help investors evaluate an investment option's risks and returns relative to the market.

3. Part B (Information Required in a Statement of Additional Information)

Table 5 shows how our amendments will revise the item requirements of Part B of our variable contract registration forms. Except as described below, our amendments to Part B of Forms N-3 and N-4 generally conform to the language of the related Part B disclosure items in current Form N-6. Although commenters did not raise broad objections to our proposed amendments, commenters raised concerns with and/or requested clarification on various items, as discussed in more detail below. To the extent we received no comments on certain items, we are adopting them as proposed, as discussed further below.

a. Amendments Conforming Part B Items of Forms N-3 and N-4 to Presentation in Form N-6

As proposed, we are amending certain items of Part B of Forms N-3 and N-4 to reflect the more up-to-date presentation of corresponding items in Form N-6, and re-designating their numbering as shown in Table 5 above. To the extent that these amended items incorporate only minor wording changes,^[800] they are indicated as “unchanged items” in Table 5. Otherwise, each of these amended items is discussed in more detail below.

Cover Page (Item 20 of Form N-3, Item 18 of Form N-4; Item 19 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are amending the outside front cover page requirements for each registration form to include the name of the contract and classes to which the contract relates.^[801] As proposed, we are also amending Forms N-3 and N-4 to: (1) Require a statement whether and from where information is incorporated by reference; ^[802] (2) remove the current required statement that the SAI should be read with the prospectus; ^[803] and (3) consolidate the current item requiring a table of contents into the item specifying cover page disclosures.^[804]

General Information and History (Item 21 of Form N-3, Item 19 of Form N-4, Item 20 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Item 18 of current Form N-3 and Item 17 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 21 and 19, respectively) to require: (1) The date and form of organization of the depositor, the name of the state or other jurisdiction in which the depositor is organized, and a description of the general nature of the depositor's business; and (2) the date and form of organization of the registrant and the registrant's classification pursuant to Section 4 of the Investment Company Act.^[805]

Services (Item 24 of Form N-3,^[806] Item 20 of Form N-4, Item 21 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Item 21 of current Form N-3 and Item 18 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 24 and 20, respectively) to require registrants to, unless disclosed elsewhere, identify and state the principal business address of any person who provides significant administrative or business affairs management services for the registrant (e.g., an “administrator,” “sub-administrator,” “servicing agent”), describe the services provided, and the compensation paid for the services.^[807]

Financial Statements (Item 31 of Form N-3, Item 26 of Form N-4, Item 28 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Item 28 of current Form N-3 and Item 23 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 31 and 26, respectively) to: (1) Clarify that the depositor's financial statements must be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) if the depositor prepares financial information in accordance with GAAP for use by the depositor's parent in any report under Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act or registration statement filed under the Securities Act; ^[808] (2) specify how an investor may request certain additional financial information about the depositor that is omitted from the SAI and is included in Part C of the registration statement; ^[809] and (3) clarify how current the depositor's financial statements must be when the anticipated effective date of the registration statement falls within 90 days after the depositor's fiscal year-end.^[810]

Several commenters requested that the Commission allow insurers to use financial statements prepared according to statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) instead of generally accepted accounting principles.^[811] Forms N-4 and Form N-6 currently permit a separate account depositor to file financial statements prepared using SAP in registration statements for contracts issued through the separate account if it would not have to prepare GAAP financial statements for use in its own registration statements or periodic reports or those of its parent company.^[812] As noted in the release adopting Form N-6 (“Form N-6 Adopting Release”), the Commission believes allowing the use of SAP financials statements permitted by these forms appropriately recognizes the cost burdens that would be imposed if we required GAAP financial statements in these circumstances.^[813] To promote uniformity and consistency in financial reporting, however, we do not believe it is appropriate to broaden the use of SAP financial statements by separate account depositors beyond these limited circumstances. The Commission generally requires that all financial statements be presented on a GAAP basis. However, the Commission has permitted the use of SAP financial statements—which insurers use to comply with state insurance regulation—in these limited instances because preparing GAAP financial statements would be overly burdensome.

In addition, one commenter stated that financial statements are difficult to comprehend, and suggested the Commission should remove the requirement to include separate account financial statements in registration statements or instead create a risk metric to show the financial strength of the depositor.^[814] We decline to adopt the suggestion to remove the requirement to include the separate account depositor's financial statements in these filings. As noted in the Form N-6 Adopting Release, the financial condition of the depositor is relevant to its ability to pay the insurance benefits offered under variable life insurance policies, and therefore investors may find financial information about the depositor useful.^[815]

We also note that the Commission has recently amended certain rules applicable to and registration forms used by certain investment companies,^[816] in compliance with the Congressional mandate in the Dodd Frank Act to remove references to credit quality ratings in these rules and forms to avoid any potential overreliance by investors of those ratings that might result from a perceived government endorsement of those ratings.^[817] In adopting these amendments, the Commission noted the absence of “reliable and objective shorthand measure[s] of credit risk.” ^[818] As discussed above, however, the Commission is currently engaged in an overall review of the retail fund investor experience, and will continue to consider ways to improve and simplify disclosure relating to separate account depositors.^[819]

Amended Form N-3 will also retain certain requirements regarding the preparation of shareholder reports and disclosure of proxy voting information currently required by the form. These requirements were inadvertently omitted from the proposed Form N-3 at the time of our proposed amendments to that form and will be carried forward without change to the amended form.^[820] In a conforming change, we are also eliminating the current Form N-3 requirement to include accumulation unit value tables in shareholder reports to parallel our elimination of those tables from variable contract prospectuses.^[821]

b. Non-Principal Risks of Investing in the Contract (Item 20 of Form N-4, Item 21 of Form N-6)

In a change from the proposal and in response to commenters requesting clarification on where non-principal risk disclosures should be located,^[822] we are adding a new item to Forms N-4 and N-6 regarding the non-principal risks of investing in the contract, to the extent not otherwise required to be disclosed in the prospectus.^[823] Although registrants on Forms N-4 and N-6 currently include non-principal risks of investing in their registration statements, the forms lack an explicit disclosure requirement to do so. We believe the approach taken in Form N-3 of including an explicit requirement in the SAI of the non-principal risks associated with the contract is appropriate to clarify the scope of registrants' disclosure obligations.^[824] Having a separate disclosure requirement for non-principal risks in the SAI also helps to provide a clear delineation between disclosure of principal risks (in the prospectus) and non-principal risks (in the SAI). For these reasons, we are adopting this new item, which should also provide greater consistency among the registration forms for variable contracts and allow investors to more easily compare risks between different variable contracts.

c. Underwriters (Item 28 of Form N-3, Item 23 of Form N-4, Item 25 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Item 25 of current Form N-3 and Item 20 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 28 and 23, respectively) to specifically require identification of all principal underwriters of the registrant (other than the depositor), their principal business addresses, and the source of any affiliation.^[825]

As proposed, we are also adding an instruction to this item in Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 stating that information need not be provided about bona fide contracts with the registrant or its insurance company for outside legal or auditing services, or bona fide contracts for personal employment entered into with the registrant or its depositor in the ordinary course of business. This instruction is intended to focus disclosures on underwriting costs, as opposed to costs for legal or auditing services or other ancillary matters, and will parallel similar instructions in Part C of these same forms regarding disclosures for principal underwriters.^[826]

Also as proposed, because we are amending Item 5 of current Form N-6 to include the disclosures on commissions to dealers currently required by current Item 20 in the SAI, we also are removing this disclosure from current Item 20 (which we are re-designating as Item 25).^[827]

d. Calculation of Performance Data (Item 29 of Form N-3, Item 24 of Form N-4)

Largely as proposed, we are amending Item 26 of current Form N-3 and Item 21 of current Form N-4 (which we are re-designating as Items 29 and 24, respectively), to remove the instruction specifically permitting the registrant to furnish separate yield quotations for individual and group contracts.^[828] Because the amended General Instructions state that individual and group contracts are not essentially identical, we would not expect to see both types of contracts presented in a single prospectus.^[829]

One commenter asked whether this item is still relevant or needs to be adjusted to reflect features such as optional benefits, which were not commonly used when these disclosure requirements were drafted.^[830] Accordingly, we are adding instructions to require registrants to disclose, if applicable, that the performance information may not reflect all contract charges, and that performance would be lower if these charges were included.^[831]

e. Adjustment to Disclosure Thresholds (Items 28 and 31 of Form N-3, Items 23 and 26 of Form N-4, Items 25 and 28 of Form N-6)

Our variable contract registration forms currently include various dollar thresholds that date back to their initial adoption. In the SAI, for example, information need not be given about any service required to be disclosed pursuant to current Item 25 of Form N-3, current Item 20 of Form N-4, and current Item 20 of Form N-6, for which total payments of less than $5,000 were made during each of the last three fiscal years.^[832] In addition, financial statements of the insurance company required to be included in the registration statement need not be more current than as of the end of the most recent fiscal year of the insurance company unless certain balance sheets of the sponsor show a combined capital and surplus (if a stock company) or an unassigned surplus (if a mutual company), of less than $1,000,000.^[833] As part of our efforts to update the registration forms, and as proposed, we are increasing these thresholds to $15,000 ^[834] and $2,500,000,^[835] respectively, to account for the effects of inflation since 1985, the year of inception for Forms N-3 and N-4.^[836]

f. Additional Amendments to FormN-3

As proposed, we are adopting additional amendments to Form N-3 that are generally intended to update and enhance disclosures related to investment options by requiring similar disclosures required for open-end management companies registered on Form N-1A. The revisions generally reflect the updated presentation and disclosure requirements of the parallel item in Form N-1A and harmonize the disclosure requirements across registration statements for different products.

Investment Objectives and Risks (Item 22 of Form N-3)

As proposed, we are making certain amendments to Item 19 of Form N-3, which we are re-designating as Item 22.^[837] Amended Item 22 contains a new instruction clarifying that if the registrant offers more than one investment option, the required disclosures should be made for each investment option. Paragraph (a) of amended Item 22 requires the registrant to describe any investment strategies that are not principal strategies, as well as the risks of those strategies. These disclosures complement the prospectus disclosures of principal investment strategies that will be required by amended Item 19.

As proposed, paragraph (b) of amended Item 22 requires the discussion of all policies regarding: (1) Issuing senior securities; (2) borrowing money, including the purpose for which the proceeds will be used; (3) underwriting securities of other issuers; (4) concentrating investments in a particular industry or group of industries; (5) purchasing or selling real estate or commodities; (6) making loans; and (7) any other policy that the registrant deems fundamental or that may not be changed without shareholder approval, including, if applicable, the registrant's investment objectives. In contrast, Item 19 of current Form N-3 generally requires the disclosure of: (1) Fundamental policies not described in the prospectus regarding those same topics, as well as short sales, purchases on margin, and writing of put and call options, and any other policy the registrant deems fundamental; and (2) any significant but non-fundamental investment policies not described in the prospectus and which can be changed without the approval of the majority of votes available to eligible voters. We believe that the amended disclosure requirements better correspond with the requirements of Section 8 of the Investment Company Act than the current Form N-3 item requirements, since they more specifically reflect the disclosure that Section 8 mandates.^[838]

As proposed, paragraph (c) of amended Item 22 requires registrants to disclose the types of investments that a registrant may make while assuming a temporary defensive position. We believe that investors should be informed about investment positions that an investment option can take from time to time that are inconsistent with the investment option's central investment focus.

Paragraph (e) of amended Form N-3 reflects amendments adopted by the Commission in 2017 that will become effective on May 1, 2020.^[839] These amendments remove references to Form N-Q and replace them with references to Form N-PORT.^[840]

As proposed, paragraph (f) of amended Item 22 requires certain disclosures regarding material events by registrants or investment options that hold themselves out as “money market funds” or “money market accounts” pursuant to rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act.^[841] That rule requires these same disclosures to appear on a fund's website, and for information about money market fund material events to be reported to the Commission on Form N-CR.^[842] We believe that, to the extent investors may not be familiar with researching filings on EDGAR (or other equivalent platform), including these disclosures in a registrant's SAI (which investors may receive in hard copy through the U.S. Postal Service or may access on a registrant's website, as well as accessing on EDGAR or other equivalent platform) may make this information more readily available to these investors.^[843] The remaining paragraphs of amended Item 22 restate existing disclosure requirements to reflect the updated presentation and disclosure requirements of the parallel item in Form N-1A.^[844]

Management of the Registrant (Item 23 of Form N-3)

As proposed, we are making certain amendments to Item 20 of Form N-3, which we are re-designating as Item 23, to restate existing disclosure requirements to reflect the updated presentation and disclosure requirements of the parallel item in Form N-1A.^[845] Except as discussed below, these changes are not intended to significantly alter current disclosure obligations.

The amendments: (1) Require disclosure of the responsibilities of the board of directors with respect to the registrant's management and any arrangements that result in breakpoints in, or elimination of, sales loads for directors and other affiliated persons of the registrant; ^[846] and (2) remove the current requirement to state that codes of ethics adopted by the registrant, its investment adviser, and principal underwriter can be viewed and copied at the Commission's Public Reference Room, because the Public Reference Room no longer maintains paper copies of filings on Form N-3.^[847]

Investment Advisory and Other Services (Item 24 of Form N-3)

As proposed, in addition to the amendments to Item 21 of Form N-3 (which we are re-designating as Item 24) that we discuss above, which conforms certain aspects of this item to the disclosure requirements of Form N-6,^[848] we are also making amendments to restate existing disclosure requirements to reflect the updated presentation and disclosure requirements of the parallel item in Form N-1A.^[849] Except as discussed below, these changes are not intended to significantly alter current disclosure obligations.

As proposed, we are amending the current requirement to disclose the total dollar amount that the registrant or the insurance company paid under the investment advisory contract for the last three fiscal years to also require disclosure of amounts paid to “to the adviser (aggregated with amounts paid to affiliated advisers, if any), and any advisers who are not affiliated persons of the adviser.” ^[850] As proposed, we are also requiring a registrant to disclose any front-end sales load reallowed to dealers as a percentage of the registrant's units.^[851] Finally, and as proposed, we are requiring additional disclosures regarding plans adopted under rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act.^[852] Industry practices regarding the use of “12b-1 plans” have evolved since Form N-3 was adopted in 1985, and the new disclosures are intended to enhance the information provided to investors by requiring information similar to that required by Form N-1A.

Portfolio Managers (Item 25 of Form N-3)

As proposed, we are making certain amendments to Item 22 of Form N-3, which we are re-designating as Item 25.^[853] We are amending the current requirement to describe the compensation of each portfolio manager by including relocation expenses among the list of items that may be excluded from compensation disclosures, provided that those items do not discriminate in scope, terms, or operation in favor of the portfolio manager and are available generally to all salaried employees.^[854] Otherwise, these changes rephrase certain disclosure requirements to conform to current presentation requirements in Form N-1A but are not intended to significantly alter current disclosure obligations.

Brokerage Allocation and Other Practices (Item 26 of Form N-3)

As proposed, we are making certain amendments to Item 23 of Form N-3, which we are re-designating as Item 26.^[855] As proposed, the amendments will amend the current requirement to describe how transactions in portfolio securities are effected, by newly including markdowns on principal transactions among the items that must be discussed in a general statement about brokerage commissions and markups.^[856] This will mirror the parallel requirement of Form N-1A ^[857] and will provide additional relevant information regarding the ways portfolio security transactions involving negative, as well as positive, spreads could impact the separate account and its investors. As proposed, the amendments also slightly alter the instruction regarding the identification of securities issued by the registrant's regular broker or dealer and which the registrant has acquired by deleting the statement that if the registrant has issued more than one class or series of stock, information must be disclosed for the class or series that has securities that are being registered on Form N-3.^[858] Otherwise, these changes rephrase certain disclosure requirements to conform to current presentation requirements in Form N-1A but are not intended to significantly alter current disclosure obligations.

g. Additional Amendments to Form N-6

Together with the cover page amendments described above,^[859] we are making two additional amendments to Part B of Form N-6. First, as discussed above, and as proposed, we are relocating the disclosure on commissions paid to dealers from the SAI to the prospectus.^[860] Second, as discussed above, and as proposed, we are eliminating current Item 23 (Loans) and consolidating required disclosures relating to contract loans into the prospectus.^[861]

4. Part C (Other Information)

Table 6 shows how our amendments will amend the item requirements of Part C of our variable contract registration forms. These amendments are largely intended to update the disclosure requirements and provide greater consistency among variable contract registration forms. As proposed, we are eliminating certain disclosure items in light of recent regulatory developments and our goal of reducing duplicative disclosure requirements. Although commenters did not raise broad objections to our proposed amendments, commenters raised concerns with and/or requested clarification on various items, as discussed in more detail below. To the extent we received no comments on certain items, we are adopting them as proposed, as discussed further below.

a. Amendments Conforming Part C Items of Form N-3 and N-4 to Presentation in Form N-6

As proposed, we are amending certain items of Part C of Form N-4 to reflect the more up-to-date presentation of corresponding items in Form N-6, and re-designating their numbering as shown in Table 6 above. To the extent that these amended items incorporate only minor wording changes,^[862] they are indicated as “unchanged items” in Table 6. Otherwise, each of these amended items is discussed in more detail below.

Exhibits (Item 32 of Form N-3, Item 27 of Form N-4, Item 30 of Form N-6) ^[863]

As proposed, we are amending the Exhibits item: (1) For Forms N-3 and N-4, to eliminate the requirement to list the financial statements filed as part of the registration statement; ^[864] (2) for Form N-4, to require the filing of participation agreements; ^[865] and (3) for Forms N-3 and N-4, to require the filing of administrative contracts.^[866]

Pursuant to amendments adopted by the Commission in 2019,^[867] this Item also includes instructions regarding redaction or omission of schedules or information, as well as linking to exhibits filed with the registration statement or incorporated by reference.^[868]

One commenter suggested that many of the exhibits are not particularly useful, but did not identify specific exhibits or provide further explanation.^[869] Although the lack of specificity makes it difficult for us to consider this comment further, we continue to believe that the list of required exhibits should include the material documents relating to the creation, administration, and offering of the contracts.

Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control With the Depositor or Registrant (Item 34 of Form N-3, Item 29 of Form N-4, Item 32 of Form N-6)

As proposed, we are amending Forms N-3 and N-4 to no longer require registrants to disclose the principal business of any persons controlled by or under common control with the depositor or registrant.^[870] We believe that the revised item provides sufficient information for investors to assess the effects of control arrangements affecting the registrant (which effects are based largely on the percentage of voting securities owned by controlling persons, or other bases of control, as required to be disclosed under the item).

Indemnification (Item 35 of Form N-3, Item 30 of Form N-4, Item 33 of Form N-6)

For Forms N-3 and N-4, as proposed, we are amending the item relating to indemnification to eliminate the instruction specifying that, in responding to the item's requirements, a registrant should note the requirements of Securities Act rules 461 and 484, and Section 17 of the Investment Company Act.^[871] We do not believe that specifically noting these legal requirements is necessary to remind registrants of the existence of separate legal requirements, since the forms are not intended to be a comprehensive source of all disclosure obligations relevant to registrants. Eliminating this item will also conform this aspect of Forms N-3 and N-4 to other registration statement forms and reflect the more streamlined presentation used in Form N-6.

Fee Representation (Item 40 of Form N-3, Item 34 of Form N-4)

As proposed, we are adding new Item 40 to Form N-3 and new Item 34 to Form N-4, which require registrants to provide a representation of the insurance company or depositor that the fees and charges deducted under the contracts, in the aggregate, are reasonable in relation to the services rendered, the expenses expected to be incurred, and the risks assumed by the insurance company or depositor. The new disclosure item mirrors Item 33 of current Form N-6 (which we are re-designating as Item 37). Because Section 26(f) of the Investment Company Act requires that the representation be made in the registration statement,^[872] this new item merely requests the representation required by Section 26(f) and does not impose any new obligations on a Form N-3 or Form N-4 registrant.

b. Amendments Requiring Filing of Preliminary Form of Summary Prospectus

For each form, and as proposed, we are amending the “Exhibits” disclosure item to require a registrant to file a preliminary “form of” any initial summary prospectus that the registrant intends to use on or after the effective date of the registration statement as an exhibit.^[873] As discussed above, and as proposed, registrants will only be required to file the form of initial summary prospectus in any initial registration statement filing, or in any pre-effective amendment or post-effective amendment filed in accordance with paragraph (a) of rule 485.^[874] In a change from the proposal, we are not requiring the filing of the updating summary prospectus because its contents should either be derivative of information provided in the statutory prospectus (e.g., the Key Information Table and the Appendix: Portfolio Companies/Investment Options Available Under the Contract) or readily discernible from comparison with the prior filing (e.g., by examining redline tags in the updating summary prospectus filing).

This requirement is intended to permit the staff to review a summary prospectus in the form and manner in which a registrant would provide it to investors, prior to the registration statement's effective date. These amendments to the “Exhibits” item of each form accompany the other amendments that we propose to the “Exhibits” item of Forms N-3 and N-4 to conform to the parallel disclosure requirements in Form N-6.^[875] Several commenters requested that the Commission permit registrants to file as an exhibit a “form of” summary prospectus that could be filed for multiple contracts that are substantially similar to or meaningfully representative of each other.^[876] As discussed above, we will permit this practice under certain circumstances.^[877]

c. Principal Underwriters (Item 37 of Form N-3, Item 31 of Form N-4, Item 34 of Form N-6)

For Form N-3, as proposed, we are adding an instruction stating that information need not be provided about bona fide contracts with the registrant or its insurance company for outside legal or auditing services, or bona fide contracts for personal employment entered into with the registrant or its depositor in the ordinary course of business. Likewise, for Forms N-4 and N-6, as proposed, we are adding a similar instruction stating that information need not be given about the service of mailing proxies or periodic reports of the registrant. Collectively, these instructions are intended to focus disclosures on underwriting costs, as opposed to costs for legal or auditing services or other ancillary matters, and parallel similar instructions in Part B of these same forms regarding disclosures for underwriters.^[878]

Also, for Form N-3, as proposed, we are amending the instruction to subparagraph (c) of Item 35 of current Form N-3 to eliminate the portion of the first instruction requiring to include as “other compensation” any compensation received by an underwriter for keeping the registrant's securities in the hands of the public.^[879] The category of “other compensation” is intended to encompass compensation that is not otherwise enumerated in one of the other categories. We believe deletion of this instruction will help streamline the form and remove any suggestion that this category is limited only to disclosure of compensation received for keeping the registrant's securities in the hands of the public.

d. Adjustment to Disclosure Thresholds (Items 37 and 39 of Form N-3, Items 31 and 33 of Form N-4, Items 34 and 36 of Form N-6)

As proposed, in addition to amending certain updated disclosure thresholds in the SAI, we are similarly increasing certain disclosure thresholds in Part C. For example, when providing information required regarding commissions and other compensation received, directly or indirectly, from the registrant during the registrant's last fiscal year by each principal underwriter, a registrant currently may exclude information about any service for which total payments of less than $5,000 were made during each of the registrant's last three fiscal years.^[880] In addition, when providing a summary of certain contracts under which management-related services are provided to the registrant, a registrant currently need not provide information about any service for which total payments of less than $5,000 were made during each of the last three fiscal years.^[881] As part of our efforts to update the registration forms, and as proposed, we are increasing these thresholds to $15,000 ^[882] to reflect the effects of inflation since 1985.^[883]

e. Amendments Eliminating Current Part C Disclosure Requirements

As proposed, to reduce overlapping regulatory requirements, we are eliminating Item 32 of current Form N-3 and Item 27 of current Form N-4 (“Number of Contractowners”), because registrants are separately required to disclose the number of contractowners in the registrant's filings on Form N-CEN.^[884] Unlike registration statements on Forms N-3 and N-4, reports on Form N-CEN are filed with the Commission in a structured data format that permits the Commission and its staff to more easily collect, aggregate, and analyze the reported information. As proposed, we are also eliminating Item 38 of current Form N-3 and Item 32 of Form N-4 (“Undertakings”). These requirements are outdated ^[885] or redundant with similar requirements under the amendments to Forms N-3 and N-4.^[886]

f. Additional Amendments to Form N-6

As proposed, we are amending the third column of the table required by Item 30 of current Form N-6 (“Principal Underwriters,” which we are re-designating as Item 34) to reflect compensation received from the registrant on all redemptions, rather than the more narrow requirement to disclose only compensation from events occasioning the deduction of a deferred sales load.^[887] Because compensation may be paid upon redemptions not defined as deferred sales loads, we believe this change will clarify for investors the amount of redemption compensation received from the registrant.

5. Guidelines

The guidelines to current Forms N-3 and N-4 (the “Guidelines”) were prepared by the Division of Investment Management when the Commission adopted the forms in 1985.^[888] The Guidelines, which generally restate certain Division positions that may affect fund disclosure, were intended to assist funds in preparing and filing their registration statements.

Although certain Guidelines have been revised and new ones added in connection with the adoption of various rules, the Guidelines collectively have not been reviewed since 1985. As discussed in the Proposing Release, the Guidelines have become outdated and less useful, and have generally been superseded by other resources that are more frequently updated and accessible to the public.^[889]

As with other registration forms that have more recently been amended to eliminate the guidelines for those forms,^[890] the Commission proposed to rescind the Guidelines to Forms N-3 and N-4 but requested comment on whether all or parts of the Guidelines should be retained (either as form items or instructions, or addressed as Commission guidance). We received no comments on our proposed elimination of the Guidelines, and are rescinding them as proposed.

D. Inline XBRL

We are adopting, generally as proposed, the requirement to use the Inline XBRL format for the submission of certain required disclosures in the variable contract statutory prospectus.^[891] Inline XBRL is a specification of the XBRL format that allows filers to embed XBRL data directly into an HTML document, eliminating any need to submit a copy of the tagged information in a machine-readable document separate from the human-readable document. Information structured using the Inline XBRL format is both human-readable and machine-readable for purposes of validation, aggregation, and analysis. This is the same format required for operating companies, mutual funds, and ETFs.^[892]

The amendments harness Inline XBRL technology to enhance the ability of an investor to analyze and compare variable contracts (directly and through his or her investment professional). That technology also assists the investor by facilitating the analysis of variable contracts by Commission staff, as well as data aggregators, financial analysts, and other data users who often provide information to an investor. This aspect of the amendments is in keeping with our ongoing efforts to implement reporting and disclosure reforms that take advantage of the benefits of advanced technology to modernize the investment company reporting regime and to, among other things, help investors and other market participants better assess different products.

For filers, Inline XBRL can enhance the efficiency of review, yield savings in time and cost of preparing machine-readable data, and potentially enhance the quality of the data over other machine-readable standards as certain errors will be easier to identify and correct because the data is also human-readable. For investors and other data users, requiring information to be tagged in a structured format could facilitate analysis and comparison of variable contracts. In addition, making the data available in Inline XBRL should enhance the usability and ease of accessibility to the disclosures because users will not have to access two different documents (one machine-readable and one human-readable) for the same data, and users can leverage the enhanced search and filtering capabilities of the Commission's Inline XBRL Viewer.^[893] Given the complexity of variable contracts, tagging certain sections within the statutory prospectus in Inline XBRL format could provide greater transparency regarding the products' features and risks.

Variable contract registrants will be required to embed a part of the Interactive Data File ^[894] within an HTML document using Inline XBRL and to include the rest in an exhibit to that document. The portion filed as an exhibit to the filing contains contextual information about the XBRL tags embedded in the filing. The information as tagged will continue to be required to satisfy all other requirements of rule 405 under Regulation S-T, including the technical requirements in the EDGAR Filer Manual.

Comments regarding our proposal to require variable contract filings to be tagged using Inline XBRL were mixed. Some commenters supported the proposed Inline XBRL requirements.^[895] One commenter stated that making information about variable annuities available in a structured, machine-readable format would benefit investors by making the information more transparent and comparable.^[896] Several commenters believed the proposed requirement would enable data aggregators, financial analysts, and other data users to offer services that would empower variable contract investors to make comparisons and better investment decisions.^[897] Two commenters stated that the Inline XBRL requirement would encourage competition in the variable contract marketplace, serving to protect investors and promote efficiency and, potentially, innovation.^[898] Another commenter stated that “requiring disclosures to be made in Inline XBRL has the potential to do more than the most innovative disclosure design changes to assist the many investors who lack the time and expertise to pore through disclosure documents to select the variable annuity and contract features that best meet their needs.” ^[899]

By contrast, three commenters opposed requiring a variable contract registrant to tag its disclosures.^[900] These commenters questioned the utility of tagged variable contract data, stating that XBRL data filed by funds has been minimally used by investors, Commission staff, or data aggregators.^[901] One commenter concluded that because variable annuities are even more complicated and less standardized than mutual funds, Inline XBRL tagging of variable contract prospectuses “is simply not worth the cost.” ^[902]

One commenter supported requiring structured data for current offerings, stating that Inline XBRL is primarily designed to help investors and other market participants compare investments for purposes of an initial investment decision, but opposed applying the requirements to insurance contracts no longer being sold as to do so would “impose unnecessary costs and burdens on insurers without providing any benefit to investors.” ^[903]

We are adopting the Inline XBRL requirements for variable contracts as proposed, but in response to commenters, these requirements will only apply to contracts being sold to new investors. We believe that investors and other data users will benefit from information provided using the Inline XBRL format. In contrast to statements by some commenters that mutual fund XBRL disclosures are minimally used, staff have observed that the risk/return XBRL data are accessed on a regular basis by the public. Moreover, based on our experience with operating company and mutual fund XBRL data use, we expect that data aggregators likely will begin using structured data, once it is available, to provide information to variable contract investors, Commission staff, financial analysts, and other data users. Requiring the use of the Inline XBRL format makes it easier and less costly for such entities to efficiently access and analyze variable contract data, because those entities will not have to spend time rekeying the filings to structure the data and correcting for data quality. And because variable contracts are primarily held by retail investors who often look to third-party information sites when evaluating their investment options, this data should help investors compare variable contracts, including their features, costs, and portfolio company options.

We agree with commenters' assertions that Inline XBRL will be primarily of use in connection with the initial investment decision, when investors can use tagged data to more readily compare key features of multiple variable contracts to find the variable contract that best meets their investment needs. We expect that Inline XBRL will be of more limited use to existing investors because variable contracts are intended to be long-term investments and variable contracts are priced and sold accordingly. For example, under some variable contracts, if an investor were to make a withdrawal in contract year 15 from his or her variable contract that has a 10-year surrender period (measured by each purchase payment), that withdrawal still could be assessed a surrender charge. In that case, the surrender charge would apply to any purchase payment made during the last ten years, even if the investor had submitted his or her initial purchase payment for the variable contract more than ten years ago. For these reasons, variable contract investors likely will have limited incentives to seek out alternative variable contracts following their initial investment. Existing investors may be offered a buyout of their contract by their issuing insurance company or offered to exchange their contract into a new contract that may have different fees, benefits, or other terms. However, in those cases, the investor is typically presented with a specific alternative that the investor can more easily compare to his or her existing contract—as opposed to the initial investment decision process when the investor potentially is selecting from among a number of variable contracts and could benefit from the ability to use tagged data.

Accordingly, the requirement to structure the disclosure using the Inline XBRL format will apply to all contracts for which an insurance company is maintaining a current registration statement and that are being sold to new investors.^[904] Thus, for registration statements with multiple contracts, tagging will be required for contracts that are still being sold to new investors, but will not be required for contracts that are not being sold to new investors even if those contracts are still accepting purchase payments or premiums from existing investors. We believe that this balances the benefits of these amendments to investors with the costs and burdens that would be associated with tagging contracts that are no longer being sold to new investors.

While we believe the use of Inline XBRL will ultimately benefit investors and other data users, we recognize that many insurers will face burdens in transitioning to the Inline XBRL format and as a result, are adopting a delayed compliance date for this new requirement, as discussed below in Section II.G of this release.

Filings to be tagged. Like mutual funds and ETFs, registrants will be required to submit to the Commission in Inline XBRL certain information discussed below in registration statements or post-effective amendments filed on Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6, and forms of prospectuses filed pursuant to rule 497(c) or rule 497(e) under the Securities Act that include information that varies from the registration statement. We received no comments on this aspect of the proposal.

Information to be tagged. We are requiring, largely as proposed, that registrants tag the following statutory prospectus disclosure items using Inline XBRL: The Key Information Table; Fee Table; Principal Risks of Investing in the Contract; for Form N-6 registrants, Standard Death Benefits; [Other] Benefits Available Under the Contract; Portfolio Companies [Investment Options] Available Under the Contract; and for Form N-3 registrants, Additional Information About Investment Options Available Under the Contract.^[905] We believe that these items—which provide important information about a variable contract's key features, costs, and risks— are most suited to being tagged in a structured format and will be of greatest utility for investors and other data users that seek structured data to analyze and compare variable contracts. We received no comments regarding the substantive disclosure items proposed to be tagged.

As proposed, we are requiring registrants to tag the Key Information Table, which provides a concise summary of fees and expenses, risks, restrictions, taxes, and conflicts of interest. We are also requiring that registrants tag the Fee Table, which provides detailed information about the variable contract's costs. We believe that tagging could facilitate analysis of the costs associated with variable contracts, and allow investors and their investment professionals to compare the costs of a particular contract with the costs of other variable contracts or other investment products, such as mutual funds. Registrants will also be required to tag the Principal Risks disclosures so investors and their investment professionals can analyze a contract's risks alongside the contract's features and benefits.

As proposed, we are requiring registrants to tag [Other] Benefits Available Under the Contract because these product features may be easier to analyze and compare if information pertaining to those features is available in a structured data format. While the Commission did not propose to require registrants to tag standard death benefit information, as discussed above, the Benefits Available Under the Contract disclosure item for Form N-3 and N-4 registrants will now include standard, as well as optional, death benefits.^[906] As a result, Form N-3 and N-4 registrants will also be required to tag standard death benefit information.

As proposed, standard death benefits for variable life insurance contracts will be described in response to a separate Form N-6 item limited to for Standard Death Benefits.^[907] To parallel the (standard and optional) death benefits tagging requirements for variable annuities, we are requiring variable life insurance registrants to tag the item for Standard Death Benefits.^[908] Because investors principally, if not exclusively, buy variable life insurance contracts for their death benefits, which often include a choice among two or three death benefit options, tagging this information will make it easier to compare the key features of these products.

Finally, as proposed, we are requiring registrants to tag Investment Options Available Under the Contract, as this may allow investors and their investment professionals to more easily compare the mutual funds or other investment options that are offered by different variable contracts and assess whether a particular contract's investment options meet the investor's needs or goals.

While we received no comments regarding the substantive disclosure items to be tagged, several commenters inquired about a taxonomy for variable contracts.^[909] One commenter expressed concern that “there is no taxonomy in existence [for variable contracts] and it would be exceptionally difficult to develop a taxonomy for these products with their bespoke features.” ^[910] Another commenter stated that to help illustrate how such standards can be built and used to improve the usability of variable annuity data, it had developed a prototype Annuity Taxonomy, to which it provided a link in its comment letter.^[911] This commenter suggested that to facilitate product comparisons and aid investors in their investment decisions, we should consider requiring insurers to tag additional elements beyond those likely to fall within the scope of the disclosure items proposed to be tagged.^[912] A third commenter asked for guidance regarding whether a new XBRL taxonomy would be developed and circulated for comment, and if it the prototype Annuity Taxonomy developed by the other commenter might be an indicator of the actual taxonomy.^[913] One commenter, though not supporting an Inline XBRL requirement, observed that if tagging is mandated, we should require certain identifying information for the portfolio companies to be tagged to facilitate the cross-referencing of such information.^[914]

As with other Commission XBRL taxonomies, staff will post a draft variable contracts XBRL taxonomy for public review and feedback.^[915] When available, filers will be required to use the most recent version of the variable contracts XBRL taxonomy as specified by the EDGAR Filer Manual.^[916] As discussed below, we are extending the proposed compliance period for the new Inline XBRL requirements, which will allow sufficient time for us to consider public comments on the draft taxonomy and subsequently adopt and publish a final taxonomy before variable contract registrants must comply with the new structured data reporting regime.^[917]

Submission of Interactive Data File. As proposed, in a framework similar to that for mutual funds and ETFs under the recently adopted Inline XBRL regime,^[918] we are requiring variable contract registrants to submit Interactive Data Files as follows:

• For post-effective amendments filed pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(i), (ii), (v), or (vii) of rule 485, and in the case of registrants on Forms N-4 or N-6, paragraph (b)(1)(vi) of rule 485,^[919] Interactive Data Files must be filed either concurrently with the filing or in a subsequent amendment that is filed on or before the date that the post-effective amendment that contains the related information becomes effective; ^[920]

• For initial registration statements and post-effective amendments filed other than pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(i), (ii), (v), or (vii) of rule 485, and in the case of registrants on FormsN-4 or N-6, paragraph (b)(1)(vi) of rule 485, Interactive Data Files must be filed in a subsequent amendment on or before the date the registration statement or post-effective amendment that contains the related information becomes effective; ^[921] and

• For any form of prospectus filed pursuant to rule 497(c) or (e), Interactive Data Files must be submitted concurrently with the filing.^[922]

We believe this approach will facilitate the timely availability of important information in a structured format for investors, their investment professionals, and other data users yielding substantial benefits. For data aggregators responding to investor demand for the data, the availability of the required disclosures using the Inline XBRL format concurrent with filing or before the date of effectiveness will allow them to quickly process and share the data and related analysis with investors. We received no comments regarding this proposed approach.

Identification of Classes. As proposed, the Interactive Data File will be required to be submitted in such a manner that will permit the information for each contract (and, for any information that does not relate to all of the classes in a filing, each class of the contract) to be separately identified.^[923] We received no comments regarding this aspect of the proposal.

Consequence of failure to submit required Interactive Data File. Similar to the framework for mutual funds and ETFs, we are adopting, as proposed, amendments to rule 485 under the Securities Act to provide that if a registrant does not submit a required Interactive Data File, the registrant's ability to file post-effective amendments to its registration statement under subparagraph (b) of the rule will be automatically suspended until the required Interactive Data File is submitted.^[924] We received no comments on this aspect of the proposal.

Availability of hardship exemptions. The Commission proposed that under the final rules registrants may request temporary and continuing hardship exemptions for the inability to timely file electronically the Interactive Data File.^[925] One commenter expressed support for this aspect of the proposal,^[926] and we are adopting this provision as proposed.

E. Discontinued Variable Contracts

Today, many variable contracts no longer offered to the public operate in a manner consistent with certain staff no-action letters and provide alternative disclosures to investors in lieu of filing post-effective amendments to update a registration statement and providing updated prospectuses to existing investors (these discontinued contracts are referred to as “Alternative Disclosure Contracts”). The staff letters will be withdrawn. In addition, the Commission is taking the position that, if an issuer of an Alternative Disclosure Contract that is discontinued as of July 1, 2020 that provides alternative disclosures does not file post-effective amendments to update a variable contract registration statement and does not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors, this would not provide a basis for enforcement action so long as investors are provided with the alternative disclosures or modernized alternative disclosures described below. We are not adopting any form of going-forward relief for discontinued contracts at this time, although we will continue to consider whether any form of going-forward relief for discontinued contracts might be appropriate. We welcome input as described below in Section II.E.4.

1. Background

An insurance company may choose to stop offering a variable contract to new investors while continuing to accept additional payments from existing investors. Each additional purchase payment under a variable contract, or reallocation of contract value from one sub-account to another, is considered a “sale” under Section 5 of the Securities Act requiring delivery of a current prospectus, and variable contract issuers generally maintain current prospectuses for their products through the filing of annual post-effective amendments to the registration statements and, as necessary, supplementing or “stickering” the contract prospectus or SAI.^[927]

As the number of contracts outstanding declines over time, the proportion of fixed costs per contract and other burdens associated with maintaining a current registration statement and mailing prospectuses increase over a diminishing asset base. Unlike other types of registered investment companies that can liquidate or merge with another investment company when assets are reduced to such a level that continuing the investment company is not viable, an insurance company is unable to liquidate or otherwise terminate a variable contract. We understand that an insurance company may sometimes seek to encourage investors to exchange into new contracts or make buyout offers, but it cannot unilaterally terminate an investor's contract.

a. Staff No-Action Letters

Beginning in 1977, the staff of the Division of Investment Management issued a series of no-action letters stating that the staff would not recommend enforcement action if issuers did not update the variable contract registration statement and deliver updated prospectuses to existing investors, so long as certain conditions were met, including distributing alternative disclosures to investors (each, a “Staff Letter,” and collectively, the “Staff Letters”).^[928] The last Staff Letter was issued in 1995.^[929]

The Staff Letters generally were limited to Securities Act registration statements for contracts that are no longer offered to new purchasers and that have fewer than 5,000 investors (or participants in the case of group contracts).^[930] The Staff Letters also identified a set of circumstances in which the staff would not recommend enforcement action once the registration statement is no longer updated: ^[931]

• There are no material changes made to the contract;
• New contracts are not offered to the public, and the registrant does not contemplate such an offering in the future; ^[932]

• Investors are provided the following disclosures:

○ The portfolio companies' current prospectuses (or summary prospectuses) and any updates thereto, annual and semi-annual reports, proxy materials, and any other periodic reports or other shareholder materials for the portfolio companies;

○ Confirmations of transactions in accordance with 17 CFR 240.10b-10 (rule 10b-10 under the Exchange Act);

○ Within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, updated audited financial statements of the registrant, and in the case of variable life insurance contracts, the depositor's updated audited financial statements; ^[933] and

○ At least once a year, a statement of the number of units and values in each investor's account (collectively, the “Alternative Disclosures”).

• The registrant files periodic reports with the Commission pursuant to Section 30 of the Investment Company Act (i.e., reports on Form N-CEN).^[934]

b. Liability

As of August 2019, we estimate that the Alternative Disclosures that the Staff Letters describe are being provided for more than half of variable contract Securities Act registration statements: ^[935]

Providing the Alternative Disclosures, in lieu of updates to an issuer's registration statement, may have the effect of potentially limiting issuers' liability under certain provisions of Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act, which require a registration statement or prospectus to contain whatever information may be necessary or appropriate to avoid material misstatements or omissions.^[936] In addition, Section 34(b) of the Investment Company Act also imposes liability for misstatements in a registration statement; however, unlike Sections 11 and 12(a)(2), there is no private right of action available to aggrieved investors.^[937] Although these Alternative Disclosures may not be subject to liability under Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act, or Section 34(b) of the Investment Company Act, they are subject to provisions prohibiting material misstatements in the offer or sale of a security.^[938]

c. Approaches to Framework for Discontinued Contracts

In proposing the new variable contract summary prospectus disclosure framework, the Commission acknowledged the industry practice of providing Alternative Disclosures (which are significantly different from the requirements of both the current prospectus and the new summary prospectus regimes) under specific circumstances that the Staff Letters identify. The Commission proposed to take the position that if certain issuers currently operating under the Staff Letters do not file post-effective amendments to update a variable contract registration statement and do not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors, under certain circumstances, this would not provide a basis for Commission enforcement action so long as investors continue to receive the Alternative Disclosures.

The Commission proposed to apply this position only to Alternative Disclosure Contracts operating in the manner that the Staff Letters describe as of the effective date of any final summary prospectus rules. The Commission proposed that all other variable contract issuers would be required to file post-effective amendments to update their registration statements and provide updated prospectuses under current regulatory requirements, and could avail themselves of the summary prospectus framework as adopted. Additionally, the Commission requested comment on two alternative approaches for discontinued contracts, including two methods of implementation that would apply these approaches to either contracts discontinued after the effective date of any final summary prospectus rules or all discontinued contracts (including Alternative Disclosure Contracts).^[939]

2. Comments Received on Proposal

While one commenter stated that all investors should receive the same disclosures through a summary prospectus regardless of whether or not the variable contract is discontinued,^[940] other commenters supported the general framework for discontinued contracts under the Staff Letters,^[941] with a number citing the many decades that insurers have structured their operations consistent with the Staff Letters.^[942] These commenters stated that the framework allowed insurers to reduce the disproportionate costs associated with updating the registration statement and delivering updated prospectuses for discontinued contracts over a diminishing asset base.^[943] Some of these commenters also stated that the framework has enabled insurers to continually innovate and introduce new products for investors.^[944] In addition, some of these commenters stated that the framework has helped to moderate fees and charges for variable contracts.^[945]

Commenters stressed the importance of grandfathering Alternative Disclosure Contracts, as proposed.^[946] These commenters urged, at a minimum, that we provide some form of grandfathering for registrants currently operating in a manner consistent with the Staff Letters due to the difficulties involved in updating those registration statements. One commenter urged that any grandfathering be codified by rule rather than through a Commission position to provide more assurance to these registrants.^[947]

Commenters emphasized that some of these contract prospectuses have not been updated for many years, and in some cases several decades, and that preparing new registration statements and prospectuses would involve significant costs and burdens.^[948] One commenter stated that the maintenance costs of discontinued contracts would be high, and that the cost for obtaining auditor opinions alone would be significant.^[949] Other commenters stated it may be impossible to prepare new disclosure documents for Alternative Disclosure Contracts that have operated in a manner consistent with the Staff Letters for many years. For example, one commenter stated that certain Alternative Disclosure Contracts have operated in a manner consistent with the Staff Letters for several decades and have never filed on EDGAR.^[950]

We also received a number of comments on the importance of some form of going-forward relief for contracts that are discontinued after the date that the Staff Letters are withdrawn.^[951] These commenters generally noted the benefits experienced by insurers operating in a manner consistent with the Staff Letters discussed above (i.e., reduction in costs experienced over a diminishing asset base, increased product innovation, and moderation in product costs). Commenters also submitted views on the two alternative approaches for discontinued contracts, including the two possible methods of implementation. We discuss these comments below in Section II.E.4.

3. Commission Position on Existing Contracts Whose Issuers Provide Alternative Disclosures to Investors

a. Commission Position

We are taking the position that if an issuer of an Alternative Disclosure Contract that is discontinued as of July 1, 2020 that provides Alternative Disclosures does not file post-effective amendments to update a variable contract registration statement and does not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors, this would not provide a basis for enforcement action so long as investors are provided with the Alternative Disclosures, or certain modernized alternative disclosures, under the Commission position described below. For the reasons discussed below, we have determined to not codify this approach. Rather, we are providing notice of the Commission's position with respect to the circumstances under which certain actions will not provide a basis for enforcement action.

We generally believe that all variable contract issuers should provide investors the same information and be subject to the same liability standards. We are only taking this Commission position to recognize the unique circumstances facing certain variable contracts currently operating in a manner consistent with the Staff Letters. The Commission's position is an exercise of its discretion and is designed primarily to assist the phase-out of these discontinued contracts. We believe that the need for this position will likely be temporary since the number of these contracts will diminish gradually over time. Accordingly, under the Commission position these issuers may continue to operate much as they do today, while also providing them the flexibility to provide more modern disclosure to investors.

Eligible contracts. We are taking the position that if an issuer of an existing discontinued contract that is discontinued as of July 1, 2020 that provides Alternative Disclosures does not file post-effective amendments to update a variable contract registration statement and does not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors (each, an “Eligible Contract”), this would not provide a basis for enforcement action if:

• Registration statement. It has a Securities Act registration statement with fewer than 5,000 investors, as of July 1, 2020.
• No material changes. There are no material changes made to the contract.
• No new contracts offered to the public. New contracts are not offered to the public, and the registrant does not contemplate such an offering in the future.
• Alternative disclosures. Investors are provided each of the following disclosures:

○ Portfolio company disclosures. The portfolio companies' current prospectuses (or summary prospectuses) and any updates thereto, annual and semi-annual reports, proxy materials, and any other periodic reports or other shareholder materials for the portfolio companies.

○ Financial statements. Within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, updated audited financial statements of the registrant, and in the case of variable life insurance contracts, the depositor's updated audited financial statements. In the case of variable annuity contracts, the depositor's updated audited financial statements are available upon request.^[952]

○ Transaction confirmations. Confirmations of transactions in accordance with rule 10b-10 under the Exchange Act.

○ Statement of units and values. At least once a year, a statement of the number of units and values in each investor's account.

• Option to provide modernized alternative disclosures. In lieu of providing the portfolio company prospectuses (or summary prospectuses) and any updates thereto and financial statements described in the first two sub-bullets in the list of alternative disclosures immediately above, a registrant may instead provide investors with the following:

○ Notice document. The issuer annually provides investors with, and files with the Commission, a notice document containing the same information as that required in an updating summary prospectus (“Notice Document”).^[953]

○ Portfolio company prospectuses. An issuer may elect to post a portfolio company's current summary prospectus, statutory prospectus, SAI, and most recent shareholder reports online in lieu of mailing the portfolio company's prospectuses (or summary prospectuses) and any updates thereto to investors, provided that:

○ A summary prospectus is used for the portfolio company (if the portfolio company is registered on Form N-1A); and

○ The materials for the portfolio company are publicly accessible, free of charge, at the website address specified on the cover page or beginning of the Notice Document, and delivered (in paper or electronic format) upon request.

○ Financial statements. The financial statements that would be delivered to investors as part of the alternative disclosures described above are instead made publicly accessible, free of charge, at the website address specified on the cover page or beginning of the Notice Document, and delivered (in paper or electronic format) upon request.

• Filings. The registrant makes the following filings with the Commission:

○ Reports on Form N-CEN. The registrant files periodic reports with the Commission pursuant to Section 30 of the Investment Company Act (i.e., reports on Form N-CEN).

○ Financial statements. Within 120 days after the close of the registrant's fiscal year, the registrant files with the Commission its updated audited financial statements, and in the case of variable life insurance contracts, the depositor's updated audited financial statements.^[954]

○ Notice Document. A copy of any Notice Document sent to investors.^[955]

In addition, if an issuer's Securities Act registration statement includes multiple contracts, the Commission position applies only if all of the contracts covered by the registration statement are consistent with the above. For purposes of the 5,000 investor threshold, the number includes investors in all contracts covered by the registration statement in the aggregate. This is consistent with the scope of the Staff Letters.

Table 7 below summarizes the disclosures that may be provided to investors in Alternative Disclosure Contracts, as compared with those of the new summary prospectus framework under rule 498A, for certain documents to either be: (1) Delivered to all investors; (2) made available online; or (3) delivered to those investors who so request.

b. Notice Document

As we stated above with regards to the updating summary prospectus,^[956] we believe that investors would benefit from a brief summary of the changes to their contracts along with certain information that we consider most relevant to investors when considering additional investment decisions. Thus, the Notice Document will include all the same information as an updating summary prospectus under rule 498A, and will therefore include, among other things, a brief description of certain changes to the contract that occurred during the previous year, as well as a Key Information Table and Appendix of portfolio companies or investment options.^[957] We believe these disclosures will provide more useful information to investors in Alternative Disclosure Contracts than the financial statements they currently receive. Investors could continue to receive financial statements upon request or access them on EDGAR.

c. Option To Provide Modernized Alternative Disclosures

Some commenters suggested that we grandfather Alternative Disclosure Contracts while also facilitating registrants providing enhanced disclosures to investors. For example, one commenter suggested that we permit registrants operating in a manner consistent with the Staff Letters to deliver audited financial statements only upon request, and to permit them to rely on the new method of delivering portfolio company prospectuses by providing investors the information required in the Appendix and posting the portfolio company prospectuses and other materials online.^[958]

We believe that investors will benefit from these modernized alternative disclosures for the same reasons that investors in active contracts will benefit when issuers utilize the summary prospectus regime available under rule 498A. For example, we believe that delivering a Notice Document similar to an updating summary prospectus will provide more usable and relevant information to investors than the financial statements of the registrant and/or depositor. In particular, we believe that providing key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks in a concise and reader-friendly presentation, will improve investor understanding of variable contracts.

Additionally, because issuers could experience cost savings by providing the modernized alternative disclosures, we expect many registrants may adopt this approach. However, we are also cognizant that many variable contracts have registration statements that have not been updated in many years, or decades, and it may be significantly burdensome for these issuers to provide a notice document with the same information as the updating summary prospectus. For this reason, we are providing issuers the flexibility to provide either set of alternative disclosures.

d. Other Considerations for Alternative Disclosure Contracts

Loss of Status as Eligible Contract. The Commission position will not be relevant to any discontinued contract if at any point in the future, the discontinued contract does not meet the criteria for being an Eligible Contract described above. Therefore, a contract that, for example, is subject to material changes, offered to new investors, or contemplated to be offered to new investors in the future, would no longer be considered an Eligible Contract for purposes of the Commission position.

A number of commenters suggested that we take the position that Alternative Disclosure Contracts will not lose their status in the event of a material change to the contract.^[959] One commenter asserted that not providing this relief would disadvantage insurers that make material changes, including those beneficial to investors, and may inhibit common corporate transactions involving such contracts.^[960] Another commenter suggested we provide a narrow range of conditions that would allow those contracts that lost their status to regain it.^[961]

As discussed above, we generally believe that all variable contract issuers should provide investors the same information and be subject to the same liability standards. Considering a contract to continue to be an Eligible Contract in instances where the contract does not meet the criteria for being an Eligible Contract would not be consistent with these objectives. However, certain corporate transactions (such as insurance company or separate account merger) where a contract was an Eligible Contract prior to the transaction and there are no other material changes to the contract will be considered on a case-by-case basis.

Transition Date for Eligible Contracts under Commission Position. The Commission proposed that the position with respect to Alternative Disclosure Contracts and/or any final rules associated with discontinued contracts would start as of the effective date of rule 498A. We requested comment on whether the Commission should adopt a transition period after that time for its position with respect to Alternative Disclosure Contracts if a summary prospectus framework is adopted.

Several commenters urged that we grandfather not as of the effective date of the final rule, as proposed, but as of the May 1 following the effective date, or if the effective date was less than 6 months prior to that May 1, then as of the subsequent May 1.^[962] One commenter asserted that using May 1 as a cut-off date would avoid ambiguity over whether a contract that could operate in a manner consistent with the Staff Letters has actually operated as such, since May 1 coincides with the annual update of the registration statement.^[963] The same commenter also believed that a transition would provide insurers with meaningful time to react to any Commission action and develop business plans accordingly.^[964]

We decline to provide a transition period for Alternative Disclosure Contracts beyond July 1, 2020. As discussed below, the effective date of the rule and form amendments is also July 1, 2020.^[965] We believe that having the same date for the end of the transition period for Alternative Disclosure Contracts and the start of the summary prospectus framework will provide more regulatory consistency and certainty than a regime where dates differ. In addition, we believe that the July 1, 2020 date addresses concerns as to ambiguity and sufficient time for insurers to develop business plans in response to the adoption of the Commission position. Insurers by that date will have already made a determination whether a contract could operate in a manner consistent with the Staff Letters as part of their 2020 annual update of their registration statements. As to all other contracts, insurers will have a period of time to modify their business plans to reflect the new framework prior to their 2021 annual registration statement updates.

4. Commission Declines To Adopt Going-Forward Relief

We are declining to adopt any form of going-forward relief for discontinued contracts at this time. A number of commenters urged the Commission to provide some form of going-forward relief for these contracts in the event the Staff Letters are withdrawn.^[966]

We received considerable support from commenters for Approach 1,^[967] which would adopt final rules reflecting practices under the Staff Letters with certain modifications.^[968] For example, one commenter noted that Approach 1 would facilitate the disclosure of useful information to investors,^[969] while another noted its substantial similarity to the approach available under the Staff Letters meant it would be less disruptive to its variable contract business than other alternatives.^[970]

While we considered these comments, we note that Approach 1 would not require registrants to maintain a current registration statement and therefore the liability provisions available under the federal securities laws would not apply to Approach 1 to the same extent as under the current variable contract prospectus delivery regime and under the summary prospectus regime for registrants that choose to rely on rule 498A. We believe it is important for investors to retain these liability protections and decline to adopt a form of going-forward relief at this time.

We received one comment supporting Approach 2,^[971] which would permit registration statements for discontinued contracts to be updated by forward incorporation by reference. Another commenter stated it could support Approach 2 as preferable to having no form of going-forward relief at all, but had concerns regarding the costs to maintain an updated registration statement and post updated statutory prospectuses and SAIs online.^[972] This commenter also believed the incremental increases in investor protection may not justify the additional burdens on issuers. Another commenter cited increased regulatory and administrative burdens on issuers under Approach 2.

After considering these comments, we are also declining to adopt going-forward relief under Approach 2. We believe that the Commission and its staff would benefit from further study and data regarding the potential cost savings and other burden reductions under this approach. We welcome input from the public as we undertake this further study. In particular, the Commission and its staff would benefit from input on topics including (1) the internal and external costs and other burdens associated with maintaining a registration statement under the summary prospectus framework versus those associated with providing the Alternative Disclosures or the modernized alternative disclosures under the Commission position (particularly any specific items that parties believe create inordinate burdens), and, if interested parties would recommend any alternative approach that may reduce those burdens relative to the adopted summary prospectus framework, (2) recommendations as to the set of proposed rules and general framework that implement the recommendation and an analysis of how the recommendation would retain investor protections. We encourage interested parties to share their views by contacting staff in the Division of Investment Management.

F. Technical and Conforming Amendments to Other Aspects of the Regulatory Framework for Variable Contracts

Conforming Amendments To Reflect Rule 498A, the Commission Position and Amended Registration Forms

We are adopting, as proposed, conforming amendments to various cross-references in our rules to reflect rule 498A, and the amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6. These cross-references are reflected in our amendments to: Rules 159A, 431, 482, 485, 497, and 498 under the Securities Act; rules 11 and 405 of Regulation S-T; and rule 14a-16 under the Exchange Act. We are also adopting an amendment to rule 496 under the Securities Act acknowledging the Commission position regarding certain discontinued contracts, as discussed in Section II.E.

Rescission of Form N-1

We are rescinding, as proposed, Form N-1 under the Securities Act and the Investment Company Act. We received no comments on this aspect of the proposal. In 1984, the Commission prescribed Form N-1 as the registration form to be used by open-end management investment companies that are separate accounts of insurance companies for registering under the Investment Company Act and for registering their securities under the Securities Act.^[973] In 1985, Form N-3 superseded Form N-1 for open-end management investment companies that are separate accounts of insurance companies issuing variable annuity contracts.^[974] As a result, only an open-end management investment company that is a separate account of an insurance company offering variable life insurance contracts would use FormN-1.^[975] Today, it appears that all separate accounts issuing variable life insurance contracts are organized as unit investment trusts. For that reason, we do not believe any registrants continue to use Form N-1 and we are therefore rescinding the form.^[976]

Technical Amendments to, and Rescission of, Certain Rules and Forms Governing Variable Life Insurance Contracts and Variable Annuity Contracts

We are adopting, generally as proposed, certain technical amendments to rules relating to variable life insurance contracts. As noted in the Proposing Release, the detailed regulation of sales loads and other fees and charges required by Sections 26 and 27 of the Investment Company Act no longer applies to variable insurance contracts as a consequence of the amendments to those sections enacted by the National Securities Market Improvement Act of 1996 (“NSMIA”).^[977] In lieu of these detailed provisions, NSMIA instituted a requirement that all charges on variable insurance contracts, including sales charges, be reasonable “in the aggregate.” ^[978]

The amendments we adopt in this document remove the rate regulatory provisions in rules 6e-2 and 6e-3 (former rule 6e-3(T)) under the Investment Company Act relating to variable life insurance contracts, and make conforming changes to other related rules and forms.^[979] In addition, these amendments remove certain minimum capital requirements from Commission rules that insurers must satisfy for those insurers' separate accounts to qualify for exemptions from the capital requirements of Section 14(a) of the Investment Company Act.^[980] The minimum capital requirements in those rules (i.e., that an insurer have a minimum combined capital and surplus, if a stock company, or an unassigned surplus, if a mutual company, of not less than $1,000,000) are no longer necessary because NSMIA amended Section 26 of the Investment Company Act to require that any insurer serving as a variable life or variable annuity separate account depositor have at least that level of combined capital and surplus or unassigned surplus, as applicable.^[981]

We received three comments on these proposals ^[982] and, with one exception, the commenters supported the proposed amendments. One commenter objected to removing numerical load limits that are currently in place in two related rules, rules 6c-8 and 11a-2 under the Investment Company Act.^[983] Rule 6c-8, among other things, provides an exemption from the redeemability requirements for sales charges deducted upon redemption or annuitization of all or a part of a variable annuity owner's interest in a registered separate account, by imposing a numerical limit on those charges.^[984] Rule 11a-2 allows a separate account depositor to offer an exchange of variable annuity contracts to an investor owning a variable annuity issued by an account of the depositor without prior Commission review otherwise required by Section 11 of the Investment Company Act, but imposes sales load limits on both the acquired and exchanged contracts.^[985]

This commenter asserted that NSMIA did not expressly touch on these provisions and that the limits in these rules are necessary to prevent excessive sales loads being imposed on the contracts.^[986] On this point, we agree that the requirement in Section 27 that these securities be redeemable was not removed by NSMIA, and rule 6c-8 includes the redeemability requirement of Section 27 as one of the provisions from which the rule provides an exemption if the conditions specified in the rule, including sales charge limitations, are satisfied.

However, we decline to adopt the commenter's suggestion to retain the numerical sales load limits in rules6c-8 and 11a-2. In the proposing releases for both rule 6c-8 and rule 11a-2, the Commission made clear that each of the rule limitations on sales charges is imposed as an “analogue” to the detailed rate regulation provisions in Sections 26 and 27 of the Investment Company Act—provisions that NSMIA subsequently made inapplicable to these contracts.^[987] Therefore, with the enactment of the “reasonableness in the aggregate” standard for sales charges (considered together with all other contract fees and charges),^[988] the numerical sales load limits in rules6c-8 and 11a-2 were rendered moot and we are removing such limits as proposed.

We are mindful of the regulatory concerns behind each of these rules, which have remained following the enactment of NSMIA, but we do not believe that it is necessary to retain specific numerical limits to address those concerns. With respect to rule 6c-8, we acknowledge the possibility that sales charges imposed upon redemption of variable contracts could raise an issue as to whether such charges present an undue burden on the contract's redeemability. In this regard, we affirm the position taken by the Commission in adopting rule 6c-8 that the rule provides no relief “where the facts and circumstances indicate the deduction [for a deferred sales load] is not intended to compensate the issuer for [distribution] expenses.” ^[989] With respect to rule 11a-2, we note that the other protections contained in the rule against the potential for abuse in variable annuity exchanges remain in place. For example, the amended rule retains the provision that a separate account depositor offering an exchange of variable annuity contracts must give credit for any deferred sales loads paid on the original variable annuity contract when calculating a deferred sales load on the newly purchased variable annuity contract.^[990]

Rescission of Rules 27e-1 and 27f-1 and Related Forms

We are also rescinding, as proposed, rules 27e-1 and 27f-1 under the Investment Company Act and related Forms N-27E-1 and N-27F-1. We received no comments on this aspect of the proposal. These rules and forms were promulgated to prescribe the form of notices required by Sections 27(d) and (e) of the Investment Company Act relating to refund and withdrawal rights of periodic payment plan certificate holders, including those certificates not issued by insurance company separate accounts. We are rescinding these rules and forms because since 2006, Section 27(j) of the Investment Company Act has barred new certificate issuances,^[991] and notice rights of holders of certificates issued before then have expired.

Technical Amendments to Rule 8b-1

We are also revising rule 8b-1 under the Investment Company Act to remove references to 17 CFR 270.8b-32 (rule 8b-32 under the Investment Company Act).^[992] Rule 8b-32 was recently rescinded in a separate rulemaking pursuant to the Commission's implementation of the FAST Act.^[993]

G. Compliance Dates

To provide a transition period after the effective date of the amendments to give registrants sufficient time to update their prospectuses and to prepare new registration statements under the amendments, the Commission is adopting the following compliance and other dates:

Use of Summary Prospectus

As proposed, a registrant could rely on rule 498A to satisfy its obligations to deliver a variable contract's statutory prospectus beginning on the effective date of the rule and form amendments (July 1, 2020) provided that the registrant is also in compliance with the amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, or N-6 (as applicable). We believe that this date will allow registrants to begin using summary prospectuses in advance of the compliance date discussed below, and will provide the Commission staff with sufficient time to prepare to review filings under the new summary prospectus framework.

One commenter recommended that like the optional shareholder report delivery framework under rule 30e-3, there should be a two-year transition period during which investors would be (1) notified of the transition from delivery of statutory prospectuses to summary prospectuses, and (2) able to choose whether they preferred to receive summary prospectuses or statutory prospectuses.^[994] Another commenter recommended that advance notice was unnecessary, given that the updating summary prospectus would serve as effective notice that the type of disclosure document that an investor expects to receive has changed.^[995] The commenter further stated that the updating summary prospectus would provide information about how the previously provided documents may be obtained, and “a level of information about the variable contract that may itself be sufficient for most investors.”

We decline to build these requirements into the final rule as we believe that given the documents at issue (i.e., the prospectus as opposed to the shareholder report) and the contents of the documents permitted to be transmitted (i.e., a summary prospectus under rule 498A versus a notice under rule 30e-3), the more appropriate analogous framework is that of the mutual fund summary prospectus. Under that framework as well as the variable product summary prospectus framework we are adopting in this document, investors receive a summary prospectus and can request a print or electronic copy of the current statutory prospectus, but investors cannot elect to receive statutory prospectuses instead of summary prospectuses.

Compliance With New Form Requirements

All initial registration statements on Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6, and all post-effective amendments that are annual updates to effective registration statements on these forms, filed on or after January 1, 2022 are required to comply with the final rule and form amendments.^[996] We believe that this period will give registrants sufficient time to update their prospectuses and to prepare new registration statements under the amendments.

Although post-effective amendments to existing registration statements filed to comply with the amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 should be filed under Securities Act rule 485(a),^[997] in appropriate circumstances, we will consider requests by registrants with respect to existing variable contracts to file these post-effective amendments pursuant to Securities Act rule 485(b)(1)(vii).^[998] Appropriate circumstances may include, for example, situations where a registrant has previously filed under rule 485(a) post-effective amendments for a number of variable contracts that implement the new requirements, and the staff determines not to review additional such filings by the registrant in light of the staff's experience with the previously filed amendments.

Inline XBRL

In a change from the proposal, we are requiring that registrants must submit to the Commission certain specified disclosures in Inline XBRL in specified filings made on or after January 1, 2023. This will provide registrants an additional year after the January 1, 2022 compliance date when all initial registration statements and post-effective amendments must comply with the final rule and form amendments.

The Commission proposed to require variable contract registrants to submit to the Commission certain specified disclosures using the Inline XBRL format within the same 18-month compliance period proposed for compliance with the new form requirements. While one commenter urged us to move forward expeditiously with the Inline XBRL requirement to support informed investment decision-making,^[999] other commenters requested that the Inline XBRL compliance date be extended beyond the proposed 18-month compliance period to provide sufficient time to adapt to the new Inline XBRL requirements.^[1000]

One commenter recommended allowing at least another 12 months after the 18-month compliance date for the new form requirements (or 30 months total) to give filers sufficient time to adapt to the new Inline XBRL requirements and to enable the development of vendor systems and client self-service tools that can generate Inline XBRL tagged documents from the document content.^[1001] Another commenter recommended extending the Inline XBRL compliance period to 24 months.^[1002] This commenter stated that insurers will face greater challenges in making the transition than mutual funds because variable contract registrants have never filed in XBRL and will need extra time to identify an XBRL preparation solution and learn how to accurately tag their reported data. This commenter also noted that, unlike mutual funds, some large insurers currently use modules under EDGARLink to help prepare registration statement filings on EDGAR,^[1003] and stated that because Type 1 and type 2 modules are currently only supported by HTML format, while filings using Inline XBRL require XHTML format, any future availability of modules would require upgrades to EDGAR.^[1004]

A third commenter advocated for a 36-month compliance period, consistent with the amount of time small fund groups were given to comply with the 2018 Inline XBRL requirements.^[1005] The commenter asserted that insurers are similarly situated to, but less prepared than, small funds with respect the transition to Inline XBRL. Unlike mutual funds and ETFs, insurers have not been required to tag variable product registration statements using XBRL, and the greater complexity of variable product disclosures could make such documents more difficult to tag than fund disclosures.^[1006]

After considering commenters' suggestions, we are extending the proposed compliance period by an additional year. Registrants must comply with the Inline XBRL tagging requirements in all required filings made on or after January 1, 2023. We believe that this compliance date will provide sufficient time for filers, filing agents, and software vendors to transition to Inline XBRL.^[1007] We decline to extend the compliance period to a 36-month period, as on commenter suggested, because due to registrants updating their registration statements by May 1 of each year, this would effectively delay the compliance period by an additional year until 2024. The extended compliance period will also provide time to adopt a new taxonomy, and to implement and pilot iXBRL, make any necessary taxonomy or EDGAR changes resulting from the pilot, and ensure compatibility of modules and iXBRL.

Similar to our transition approach with requiring Inline XBRL for operating companies, mutual funds, and ETFs, variable contract registrants will be permitted to file using Inline XBRL prior to the compliance date. Filers will be able to file in Inline XBRL once EDGAR has been modified to accept submissions in Inline XBRL for all forms subject to the amendments. Notice of EDGAR system readiness to accept filings in Inline XBRL will be provided in a manner similar to notices of taxonomy updates and EDGAR Filer Manual updates. We believe that offering filers the option to file using Inline XBRL before the compliance date will enable filers that are ready to transition to Inline XBRL to begin realizing the benefits of Inline XBRL sooner. It will also enable vendors and filing agents used by early Inline XBRL adopters to gain valuable expertise that may help facilitate the transition to Inline XBRL for variable contract registrants that transition to Inline XBRL at a later time.

Commission Position With Respect to Alternative Disclosure Contracts

Consistent with the proposal, the Staff Letters will be withdrawn as of July 1, 2020. Additionally, the Commission is taking a position that if an issuer of a contract that is discontinued as of July 1, 2020 that provides alternative disclosures does not file post-effective amendments and does not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors, this would not provide a basis for enforcement action so long as investors are provided the Alternative Disclosures or modernized alternative disclosures) and the registrant meets all specified conditions of the Commission position as of July 1, 2020.^[1008]

III. Other Matters

Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act,^[1009] the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs has designated this rule a “major rule,” as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). If any of the provisions of these rules, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or application of such provisions to other persons or circumstances that can be given effect without the invalid provision or application.

IV. Economic Analysis

We are mindful of the costs imposed by, and the benefits obtained from, our rules. Section 3(f) of the Exchange Act, Section 2(b) of the Securities Act, and Section 2(c) of the Investment Company Act state that when the Commission is engaging in rulemaking under such titles and is required to consider or determine whether the action is necessary or appropriate in (or, with respect to the Investment Company Act, consistent with) the public interest, the Commission shall consider whether the action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital formation, in addition to the protection of investors. Further, Section 23(a)(2) of the Exchange Act requires the Commission to consider, among other matters, the impact such rules would have on competition and states that the Commission shall not adopt any rule that would impose a burden on competition not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of the Exchange Act. The following analysis considers, in detail, the potential economic effects that may result from the rule and form amendments, including the benefits and costs to investors and other market participants as well as the broader implications of the rule for efficiency, competition, and capital formation.

A. Introduction

New rule 498A allows insurers the option to satisfy prospectus delivery requirements for variable contracts by providing investors with a summary prospectus while making the statutory prospectus and other disclosure documents available online. The approach involves the use of two types of summary prospectus: An initial summary prospectus to be provided to new investors, and an updating summary prospectus to be provided to existing investors. To help investors make informed investment decisions, each type of summary prospectus uses a layered disclosure approach designed to provide investors with key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks in a concise and more reader-friendly format, with access to more detailed information available online and electronically or in paper format on request. The new disclosure framework permits issuers to satisfy portfolio company prospectus delivery obligations by, among other conditions, posting the portfolio company summary and statutory prospectus at a website address specified on the variable contract summary prospectus.

The Commission is amending the registration forms for variable contracts to update and enhance the disclosure regime for these investment products. Additionally, our rule and form amendments require registrants to use Inline XBRL for the submission of certain disclosures contained in the contract statutory prospectus with the Commission with respect to contracts currently offered to new investors. We are also taking the position that if an issuer of a discontinued contract that is discontinued as of July 1, 2020 that provides Alternative Disclosures does not file post-effective amendments to update a variable contract registration statement and does not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors, this would not provide a basis for enforcement action so long as investors are provided the Alternative Disclosures or certain modernized alternative disclosures discussed above.^[1010] Finally, we are also adopting certain technical and conforming amendments to our rules and forms, including amendments to rules relating to variable life insurance contracts, and rescinding certain related rules and forms.^[1011]

B. Economic Baseline

1. Overview of Variable Products Market

In 2019 there were a total of 3,534 unique variable products offered by 73 insurance companies.^[1012] Total assets were $1,714 billion ^[1013] held in 25.9 million accounts.^[1014] Average contract value was $66,400.^[1015] Also in 2019, insurance companies sold 1,289,500 contracts ^[1016] with sales totaling $132.1 billion.^[1017] Our understanding is that investors typically purchase variable products through various distribution channels.^[1018]

A variable contract investor may allocate his or her contract purchase payments to a range of options offered through an insurance company's separate account.^[1019] Separate accounts may be registered as management companies or UITs. As of 2019, there were five separate accounts registered as management companies and 670 structured as UITs.^[1020]

Eighty-six percent of individual annuity investors purchased their first annuity before age 65, including 47 percent who were between the ages of 50 and 64 years old.^[1021] The average age of investors at first purchase of an annuity is 51.^[1022] The average current age of annuity investors is 70.^[1023] Eighty percent of individual annuity investor households have incomes under $100,000.^[1024] Sixty percent of household incomes are below $75,000, and 35 percent are below $50,000.^[1025]

2. Statutory and Regulatory Disclosure Requirements

Currently, the default method for delivering the variable contract prospectus and the underlying portfolio company prospectuses is printing and mailing paper copies of the documents to investors. While the costs of providing paper copies of variable contract prospectuses are borne by the insurer, the allocation of the costs of printing and mailing the portfolio company prospectuses depends on the terms of the participation agreement between the insurance company and the portfolio company.^[1026] We understand that most insurers also offer investors the option to elect to receive the variable contract prospectus and portfolio company prospectuses electronically. Investors who have opted for electronic delivery of prospectuses typically receive an email from the insurer containing a link to a website where the materials are available.

Because insurers are not required to report investors' delivery elections to the Commission, we lack verifiable data on the percentage of variable contract prospectuses that are currently delivered electronically. In a 2016 letter to the Commission, one commenter estimated based on a survey of insurers conducted in 2015 that, generally, less than 15 percent of contract owners have affirmatively consented to electronic delivery.^[1027] Another industry source estimated in a 2016 report that approximately five percent of annuity investors had opted for electronic delivery at that time.^[1028] Based on these estimates, and with consideration for the general increase in electronic delivery rates over time demonstrated in other investment products,^[1029] we estimate that currently 15 percent of variable contract statutory prospectuses and portfolio company summary prospectuses are delivered electronically.^[1030]

As discussed in Section II.E above, Commission staff has issued a series of no-action letters, referred to in this release as the “Staff Letters,” stating that the staff would not recommend enforcement action if issuers did not update the variable contract registration statement and deliver updated prospectuses to existing investors, so long as certain conditions were met, including distributing certain alternative disclosures to investors. We estimate that as of the end of calendar year 2019, approximately 13 percent of existing variable annuity contracts and 49 percent of variable life contracts were Alternative Disclosure Contracts.^[1031]

C. Benefits and Costs of the Rule and Form Amendments

Where possible, we have attempted to quantify the costs, benefits, and effects on efficiency, competition, and capital formation expected to result from the rule and form amendments. In some cases, however, we are unable to quantify the economic effects because we lack the information necessary to provide a reasonable and reliable estimate. For example, because summary prospectuses offer a less lengthy, less complex disclosure alternative compared to statutory prospectuses, we expect that readership of variable contract disclosure would increase. We do not have data on the extent to which the use of summary prospectuses enhances readership compared to a scenario in which variable contract investors were only to receive a statutory prospectus and not a summary prospectus.^[1032] Similarly, summary prospectuses could reduce the amount of time and effort investors require making an investment decision. Also, summary prospectuses could facilitate investor comparison of different variable product contracts. We do not have data on the extent to which variable contract summary prospectuses would reduce the amount of time and effort investors require to make an investment decision or to compare different variable product contracts, or the value of that time and effort to investors.^[1033] In those circumstances in which we do not have the requisite data to assess the impact of the rule and form amendments quantitatively, we have qualitatively analyzed the economic impact of the rule and form amendments.

Direct costs incurred by insurers discussed below may, to some extent, be absorbed by the insurance company or be passed on to investors in the form of increased fees. The share of these costs borne by insurers and investors depends on multiple factors, including the nature of competition among insurers and investors' relative sensitivity to changes in fees.

1. Optional Summary Prospectus Regime

New rule 498A creates a choice for insurers. Insurers may continue to meet their prospectus delivery obligations by providing the statutory prospectus, or they may satisfy these obligations by providing a summary prospectus and making the statutory prospectus and other required documents available online. Those insurers that expect to benefit by providing summary prospectuses will choose to rely on the rule to meet their prospectus delivery obligations.^[1034] Those insurers that do not expect to benefit from this optional prospectus delivery regime will choose to continue to provide statutory prospectuses to investors.^[1035]

Insurers' choices of delivery methods will not reduce the information available to investors. If insurers choose to meet their prospectus delivery obligations by delivering summary prospectuses to investors, with other documents available online, investors will have a choice. Under the rule's layered disclosure framework, investors will receive information in the form of a summary prospectus, with more detailed information available online if the investor chooses to access it. Thus, investors can choose to continue to review the statutory prospectuses by accessing them online, or they may request paper or electronic delivery of statutory prospectuses on an ad hoc basis. Alternatively, investors may choose only to consult the summary prospectuses. Further, if investors want to rely on some combination of summary and statutory prospectuses to receive information about the contract, that choice is available to them as well.

We expect a vast majority of insurers will choose to use summary prospectuses. Thus, we expect that the vast majority of investors will have the option to use both summary prospectuses and statutory prospectuses in their decision-making, in whatever proportion investors think is best for their preferences. We discuss below the benefits and costs to both investors and insurers of the new options presented by the contract summary prospectus regime and associated new optional delivery method for portfolio company prospectuses.

a. Benefits and Costs for Investors

i. Summary Prospectus for Variable Contracts

(a) Benefits

(1) Initial Summary Prospectus

Should insurers choose to use summary prospectuses, investors may benefit in a number of ways.^[1036] Variable contract prospectuses (particularly those that include optional benefits) are typically lengthy and complex,^[1037] and they also may describe different versions of the contract in one prospectus, some of which may no longer be available to new investors. In addition, investors generally allocate their purchase payments to one or more portfolio companies, each of which also has its own prospectus. Because industry practice is to bundle all portfolio company prospectuses with the variable contract prospectus, the disclosure documents that are delivered to investors at purchase and on an annual basis can be voluminous.

We believe investors will benefit from the simplification of disclosure associated with initial summary prospectuses.^[1038] We understand that contract statutory prospectuses may include disclosure about contract features and options that the registrant may no longer offer to new investors. Aggregating disclosures for multiple contracts, or currently offered and no-longer-offered features and options of a single contract, creates complexity that may make it more difficult for investors to distinguish between contract features and options that apply to them and those that do not.^[1039]

For example, a separate account could offer different contracts over time, but with the contracts having substantially similar names. Likewise, separate accounts could offer different contracts at a single point in time, but with the contracts also having substantially similar names. Thus, contract investors reviewing lengthy statutory prospectuses may find it difficult, confusing, and time-consuming to identify disclosures related to contract terms and features that are relevant to their investments. These characteristics of existing variable contract statutory prospectuses could result in a risk of inefficient allocation of funds among portfolio companies in variable contracts or inefficient matching of investors to variable contracts. Incomplete information about the variable contracts made available to investors may cause them to over- or underinvest in variable contracts or to misallocate parts of their investment portfolio held outside of variable contracts.

Whereas statutory prospectuses may describe contracts and features no longer offered to new investors in addition to contracts currently offered to investors, the new initial summary prospectus is limited to describing only the contract and features currently available under the statutory prospectus. We believe this narrower focus will facilitate investors' understanding of their variable contract's features and risks and make these features and risks more salient. In reviewing the more targeted information in the initial summary prospectus, investors will be able to more easily and more efficiently understand the product they are investing in, leading to more informed investment choices. We believe the concise content provided in the initial summary prospectus, presented in a standardized manner, will also facilitate investors' comparison of contracts at the time of investment and re-evaluation of contracts during the free look period.^[1040] This could reduce the risk of investors selecting variable contracts that do not align with their needs or inefficient matching of investors to variable contracts.

To facilitate investor understanding and investor comparison of contract, the initial summary prospectus is designed to provide investors with key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks. The Key Information Table includes aspects of variable contracts that investors have most frequently stated that they failed to fully understand according to the complaints database maintained by the Commission's Office of Investor Education and Advocacy,^[1041] including: (1) Risk of loss of principal and/or lack of guarantees of income; (2) fees, including surrender charges; (3) illiquidity prior to the pay-out period; (4) tax consequences; (5) death benefits; and (6) conflicts of interest.^[1042] The overview describes the parties to the contract (the issuer and investor), and provides readers with basic information about the purpose of the contract, phases of the contract (for variable annuity contracts), premiums (for variable life insurance contracts), and contract features. We are also requiring registrants to summarize standard and optional benefits available to the investor under the contract.

Later sections of the initial summary prospectus provide investors more detailed information about the cash flows related to contract purchase. One section provides information about cash flows to the insurer, such as initial and subsequent purchase and premium payments. Other sections discuss cash flows investors can expect to receive, such as death benefits and other benefits. The initial summary prospectus for variable life insurance contracts also includes a section on how a contract could lapse, and thereby reduce payouts to investors. Also, a section on withdrawal and surrenders discusses how accessing the money in a variable contract early affects the payouts that an investor should expect to receive.

Initial summary prospectuses also include additional information about fees and expenses investors will pay when buying, owning, and surrendering the contract, as well as those paid each year during the time the investor owns the contract. Finally, initial summary prospectuses include an appendix that provides summary information in a tabular form about the portfolio companies or investment options offered under the contract.

In addition, given the time required to review a statutory prospectus, investors may benefit from summary prospectuses because they offer a shorter alternative to statutory prospectus disclosure. Indeed, there is evidence that suggests that consumers benefit from summary disclosures.^[1043] Within the specific context of investing, there is evidence from related contexts that suggests that summary prospectuses allow investors to spend less time and effort to arrive at the same portfolio decision as if they had relied on a statutory prospectus.^[1044] This research is consistent with the 2012 Financial Literacy Study, which showed that at least certain investors favor a layered approach to disclosure with the use, wherever possible, of summary documents containing key information about an investment product or service.^[1045]

Further, investors allocate their attention selectively,^[1046] and the sheer volume of disclosure that investors receive about variable contracts and the underlying portfolio companies may discourage investors from reading contract statutory prospectuses (and the prospectuses of the underlying portfolio companies).^[1047] The observations of a telephone survey conducted on behalf of the Commission with respect to mutual fund statutory prospectuses (which are typically shorter than variable contract statutory prospectuses) are consistent with the view that the volume of disclosure may discourage investors from reading statutory prospectuses.^[1048] That survey observed that many mutual fund investors do not read statutory prospectuses because they are long, complicated, and hard to understand. To the extent summary prospectuses increase readership of variable contract disclosures, they could improve the efficiency of portfolio allocations made on the basis of disclosed information for those investors who otherwise would not have read the statutory prospectus.^[1049]

Moreover, potential variable contract investors that choose to read disclosures despite their length may face “information overload,” causing them to make inefficient decisions about the size of their variable contract positions, their selection of optional benefits, or the allocation of funds across underlying portfolio companies.^[1050]

These benefits are potentially magnified given the demographic profile of variable contract investors. The average age of annuity investors is 70.^[1051] Studies indicate that exposure to financial harms may increase with age, potentially exacerbated by a decline in the capacity to process financial information for some individuals.^[1052] To the extent that summary prospectuses allow investors to spend less time and effort to understand their investments and arrive at investment decisions, that benefit is magnified in the context of variable contracts given the demographic profile of the underlying investor base.^[1053]

The initial summary prospectus may also reduce the investor effort required to compare variable products when an investor considers a new investment. Information provided in a concise, user-friendly presentation could allow investors to compare information across products and as a result, may lead investors to make decisions that better align with their investment goals.^[1054] For example, the new rule requires insurers to distill certain key product information into tables, which could facilitate comparison across different products. The effect of the initial summary prospectus alone on the ability of the investor to compare products may be limited, however, by the extent to which variable contracts are sold through agents.^[1055]

Additionally, the framework for variable contract summary and statutory prospectuses also includes design elements to facilitate investor use. In particular, the new rule includes requirements for linking within the electronic versions of the contract statutory prospectus and SAI that are available online, and also for linking between electronic versions of contract summary and statutory prospectuses that are available online. The linking requirements permit investors who use the electronic versions of contract prospectuses to quickly navigate between a table of contents of the contract statutory prospectus or SAI and the related sections of that document, as well as each section of the summary prospectus and any related section of the contract statutory prospectus and contract SAI that provides additional detail.^[1056] Further, the new rule also requires that investors either be able to view the definition of each special term used in an online summary prospectus upon command, or to move directly back and forth between each special term and the corresponding entry in any glossary or list of definitions that the summary prospectus includes. This requirement should facilitate understanding of terms that may be confusing or unfamiliar among investors viewing the documents online.

Finally, the new rule requires that contract documents required to be posted online remain available on the website for at least 90 days. This requirement mirrors the online availability requirement for the mutual fund summary prospectuses. As a result, investors who prefer to access the disclosure documents online could be certain that the documents for both the contract and the portfolio companies would be available for the same period of time.

(2) Updating Summary Prospectus

The new updating summary prospectus will have many of the same benefits for investors associated with the initial summary prospectus discussed above associated with presenting key information in an easier and less time-consuming manner for investors. Specifically, because many terms of the variable contract do not change from year-to-year, the contract statutory prospectus may contain a large amount of disclosure that is duplicative of disclosure that the investor has previously received. Those changes that do occur may be important to investors, but the disclosure about these changes could be difficult for the investor to identify given the volume of prospectus disclosure that investors currently receive, and the current lack of a requirement to identify new or changed information.

Under the new rule, the updating summary prospectus includes a concise description of important changes affecting the statutory prospectus disclosure relating to certain topics that occurred within the prior year—namely the availability of portfolio companies (or investment options under a variable annuity registered on Form N-3) under the contract, the Key Information Table, the overview of the contract, the Fee Table, purchases and contract value (or premiums for variable life insurance contracts), lapse (for variable life insurance contracts), surrenders and withdrawals, the standard death benefit (for variable life insurance contracts), and the benefits available under the contract. We believe that these are the topics most likely to be important to investors because they affect how investors evaluate variable contracts and are relevant to investors when considering additional investment decisions. The updating summary prospectus, if used by insurers to satisfy their prospectus delivery obligations, would likely reduce the burden on investors and increase their understanding of their contract by highlighting certain changes to the contract made during the previous year, while forgoing the repetition of most information that had remained unchanged.^[1057]

The updating summary prospectus also includes the Key Information Table. The inclusion of this disclosure will benefit investors by reminding them of key facts about the variable contract, including the contract's fees and expenses, risks, restrictions, tax implications, and conflicts of interest. Finally, the updating summary prospectus includes an Appendix that provides summary information about the portfolio companies that the registrant offers under the contract. The inclusion of this portfolio company information could benefit investors by providing them information to inform one of the most important decisions they face during the lifecycle of a contract—that is, whether and where to reallocate funds among the portfolio companies or investment options available to them.

(b) Costs

Should insurers opt to use summary prospectuses, we believe that the majority of investors will benefit from their disclosures; however, certain investors may also incur costs. For example, although research indicates that investors generally prefer to receive summary disclosures,^[1058] there may be investors who prefer to rely on statutory prospectuses when making investment decisions. While statutory prospectuses will be available online and in paper or electronic copy upon request, access to those statutory prospectuses will require investors to take additional steps, imposing some burden. For example, investors choosing to access the statutory prospectus online rather than requesting a paper copy may need to manually enter a hyperlink from a paper updating summary prospectus or open an email link to a website containing the statutory prospectus.^[1059] To the extent that internet access and use among variable contract investors is not universal, those investors without home internet access might experience a reduction in their ability to quickly and easily access statutory prospectus information.^[1060] Even for those investors with home internet access, there may be some resistance to taking the additional step of accessing the statutory prospectus online.^[1061]

Moreover, those investors who prefer paper copies of statutory prospectuses and do not have ready access to the internet (and the ability to print out the statutory prospectus that is made available online ^[1062] ), will not be able to elect paper delivery of statutory prospectuses on a going-forward basis. Rather, they will need to make an ad hoc request for paper delivery of the statutory prospectus each time one is made available. This may delay their review of the statutory prospectus as they await paper delivery, or, in some cases, if the investor does not take the additional step to request paper delivery, may result in the investor not receiving the statutory prospectus in his or her preferred format and ultimately receiving less information than they would like about their contract.^[1063] We believe that possibility is unlikely in this circumstance, however. We believe investors who prefer statutory prospectuses rather than summary prospectuses are likely investors who are willing to seek out detailed information to inform their investment decisions. We believe that for these investors, the additional effort required to access the statutory prospectus online or request paper or electronic statutory prospectuses would be incrementally minimal.

Also, the rule requires that a current version of each of the required contract documents remain available online for at least 90 days after the date of delivery of a security or communication in reliance on the rule. Some investors may not have the flexibility to access this online information within 90 days after receiving the summary prospectus. As discussed above, however, because variable contracts (and their underlying portfolio companies) are generally continuously offered, a current contract prospectus and related documents would likely remain online for longer than 90 days. As a result, we believe any loss of flexibility to access online information more than 90 days after receiving a summary prospectus would be minimal.

ii. Portfolio Company Prospectus Delivery

As described in Section IV.C.1.b below, we anticipate that the new optional delivery method for portfolio company prospectuses will result in cost savings from reduced printing expenses. To the extent that a portfolio company bears the printing expenses associated with portfolio company prospectuses, we expect that the reductions will benefit the portfolio company, as well as variable contract investors who have allocated contract value to the portfolio company (except perhaps in certain circumstances such as where the portfolio company is operating under an expense limitation arrangement). To the extent that the insurance company bears these costs, we expect that the reductions will benefit the insurance company, which may pass on such cost savings to existing variable contract investors and to new variable contract investors in the pricing of variable contracts offered in the future.^[1064]

Certain investors may incur additional costs. While the portfolio company prospectuses will be available online and in paper or electronically upon request on an ad hoc basis, investors may experience additional burdens when accessing the prospectuses. As with the summary prospectus for variable contracts discussed above, investors who prefer to review paper copies of the portfolio company prospectuses will be required to either affirmatively request delivery of paper copies, or bear the costs of printing the electronic versions of documents accessed through the website.

Also, as discussed with respect to variable contract prospectuses above, internet access is not universal among variable contract investors, and investors who would prefer paper copies of prospectuses will be required to request paper delivery of those prospectuses on an ad hoc basis which could, in turn, delay investor review of those prospectuses.^[1065] Further, to the extent that investors prefer paper copies of prospectuses, but do not request a paper copy or access the document online, there will be no investor review of those prospectuses.

b. Benefits and Costs for Insurers

i. Summary Prospectus for Variable Contracts

The total cost of providing disclosure in any particular framework is the sum of costs associated with producing the disclosure materials, including labor and legal fees, and the costs associated with delivery of the disclosure materials, including printing and mailing costs and costs of making the disclosures available on a website. Insurers will benefit from the options provided by the new rule, to the extent that providing layered disclosure through a summary contract prospectus regime (including costs of producing and delivering initial summary and updating summary prospectuses and of making statutory prospectuses, portfolio company prospectuses, and other documents available online) is less expensive than providing statutory prospectuses to new investors and updated statutory prospectuses to existing investors annually, along with portfolio company prospectuses and other related documents.

As discussed later in this section, because we expect a primary driver of the benefit for insurers providing summary prospectuses to be cost savings associated with no longer printing and mailing lengthy statutory prospectuses for investors that currently receive these documents in paper, the magnitude of the benefit depends in part on the extent to which investors currently elect electronic delivery of materials associated with their variable contract. The higher the percentage of investors currently electing electronic delivery rather than paper, the smaller the benefit derived from forgoing the printing and mailing costs. Accordingly, to estimate the potential cost reduction associated with the rule, as noted above, we assume that 15 percent of the contract investors currently elect electronic delivery of the statutory prospectus both at sale, and annually thereafter.^[1066] Moreover, we assume that at least 15 percent of variable contract investors will elect electronic delivery of the summary prospectus going forward.

To estimate the overall impact of the rule on insurers' cost of prospectus delivery, we begin by estimating the number of variable contract statutory prospectuses delivered in paper format. This requires a number of assumptions:

• We estimate that insurers will ultimately use summary prospectuses for 90 percent of contracts ^[1067] that are not Alternative Disclosure Contracts.^[1068]

• Issuers of Alternative Disclosure Contracts provide alternative disclosures in lieu of statutory prospectuses.^[1069] Based on staff analysis, approximately 57 percent of variable contract registration statements are for Alternative Disclosure Contracts, and these registration statements apply to up to approximately 18 percent of variable contracts.^[1070] We further assume that each investor in an Alternative Disclosure Contract owns exactly one contract issued under a registration statement for an Alternative Disclosure Contract.

• We assume 15 percent of investors elect electronic delivery of prospectuses.

Together with the baseline estimate of 25.9 million contracts in force at the end of 2019, these assumptions imply that insurers will no longer send approximately 16.1 million statutory prospectuses each year.^[1071]

Next, we estimate the number of statutory prospectuses that will no longer be provided to investors in paper in connection with new contract purchases. In 2019, there were 25.9 million contracts in force.^[1072] Total sales of variable annuity contracts during 2019 was 1,289,500 contracts. Based on these estimates, we further estimate that among investors who elect to receive paper copies of prospectuses, the new option to use a summary prospectus will be applied to 986,000 new contracts annually.^[1073]

We next estimate the cost difference, per prospectus, of sending summary prospectuses (initial summary prospectuses, as well as updating prospectuses) rather than statutory prospectuses.^[1074] In the Proposing Release, we estimated that printing and mailing expenses for statutory prospectuses are $0.53 per statutory prospectus. We received additional information on printing and mailing expenses from a commenter that persuaded us to revise our estimate.^[1075] In a change from the proposal, we estimate that printing and mailing expenses for statutory prospectuses are $1.50 per statutory prospectus for new investors and $0.55 for existing investors.^[1076] Also in a change from the proposal, we estimate that printing and mailing expenses for initial summary prospectuses and updating summary prospectuses to be $1.20 and $0.55, respectively.^[1077] Assuming the 2019 level of contracts in force and contract purchases remains stable, we estimate the printing and mailing cost to insurers of meeting their disclosure requirements, as they relate to the delivery of disclosure documents, using initial and updating prospectuses will decline by up to $4,845,000.^[1078]

As noted earlier in this section, another key component of costs that insurer will consider when determining whether to provide summary prospectuses under the new rule is the cost of producing the initial and updating summary prospectuses. Insurers choosing to provide summary prospectuses will bear a one-time cost of preparing both the initial summary prospectus and the updating summary prospectus, as well as costs associated with preparing updated versions of both documents in the future on at least an annual basis.^[1079] We estimate the aggregate cost to prepare initial and updating summary prospectuses to be $3,299,285.^[1080]

Insurers that choose to provide summary prospectuses are required to make statutory prospectuses and other materials available online.^[1081] We estimate the annual burden to comply with the website posting requirements of the rule for documents relating to variable contracts will be 1,217 hours,^[1082] at an internal cost equivalent of $301,816.^[1083]

Insurers are also required to include inter- and intra-document linking and special terms definitions. One linking requirement will allow the reader to move back and forth between a table of contents of the contract statutory prospectus or SAI and the related sections of each document. Although prospectuses and SAIs are not required to have individual headings corresponding to the items in the registration forms, we assume that the sections of a prospectus or SAI will correspond with the item requirements of the forms. We estimate that Form N-3 registrants will require 33 back-and-forth internal links, Form N-4 registrants will require 27, and Form N-6 registrants will require 28. The other linking requirement will allow the reader to move back and forth between each section of the summary prospectus and any related section of the contract statutory prospectus and SAI that provides additional detail. This back-and-forth movement could occur either directly from the summary prospectus to the relevant section of the statutory prospectus or SAI, or indirectly by linking from the summary prospectus to a table of contents for the statutory prospectus or SAI, and vice versa. For our analysis, we assume direct links will tend to be more costly when compared with indirect linking through a table of contents.

An initial summary prospectus for a Form N-3 registrant or a Form N-4 registrant includes seven sections and an initial summary prospectus for a Form N-6 registrant includes nine sections. However, the Key Information Table has instructions stating that a registrant should provide cross-references or links to the location in the statutory prospectus where the subject matter is described in greater detail, or should provide a means of facilitating access to that information through equivalent methods or technologies. There are 12 sections of the Key Information Table. Therefore, we estimate that there will be 18 back-and-forth links between Form N-3 and Form N-4 registrant initial summary prospectuses and statutory prospectuses, and 20 back-and-forth links between Form N-6 registrant initial summary prospectuses and statutory prospectuses.

An updating summary prospectus for a Form N-3, Form N-4, or Form N-6 registrant includes three sections, one of which, the Key Information Table, includes 12 sections. One section is the “Updated Information About Your Contract” section. The number of links in this section will depend on the number of updates discussed. For example, assuming discussion of four updates, we estimate the number of back-and-forth links between a Form N-3, Form N-4, or Form N-6 registrant's updating summary prospectus and statutory prospectus to be 18.

The rule will also require that investors either be able to view the definition of each special term used in an online summary prospectus upon command (e.g., by “hovering” the computer's pointer or mouse over the term), or to move directly back-and-forth between each special term and the corresponding entry in any glossary or list of definitions that the summary prospectus includes. We assume that registrants could replicate links to a glossary or the computer code required to implement access to definitions by “hovering” over a term with little or no burden, but that there will be a burden associated with creating the requisite link or code for each special term. Accordingly, we estimate the aggregate cost to comply with the requirement to include inter- and intra-document linking and special terms definitions as described above will include 3,812 burden hours and a cost of $508,320 annually.^[1084]

Finally, insurers may incur costs in connection with the requirement to provide a statutory prospectus and other documents upon request of an investor. We estimate that the annual cost associated with printing and mailing these documents will be $500 per registrant.^[1085] We estimate that the aggregate annual costs associated with printing and mailing statutory prospectuses will be $304,200.^[1086]

ii. Portfolio Company Prospectus Delivery Option

Form N-4 and Form N-6 registrants that use summary prospectuses may also benefit from the option to provide prospectuses for all underlying portfolio companies online.^[1087] While there will be certain costs associated with complying with the requirements for posting the portfolio company materials online, as discussed below, we anticipate that this new optional delivery method will result in overall reduced costs due to a reduction in printing and mailing costs. To the extent that insurers bear these costs, we expect the reductions will benefit the insurance company, which may pass such cost savings on to new variable contract investors in the pricing of variable contracts offered in the future, and possibly to existing variable contract investors. To the extent that a portfolio company bears these costs, cost savings will typically be passed along to investors.

Moreover, as with the reduction in printing and mailing costs associated with the delivery of the contract statutory prospectus, the magnitude of these cost savings is dependent on the extent to which investors currently elect to receive electronic versions of the portfolio company prospectuses rather than receive them in paper. The higher the percentage of investors who currently receive paper copies of portfolio company prospectuses, the greater the reduction in printing and mailing costs arising from the new delivery option. We estimate that 85 percent of investors currently receive paper copies of these documents.^[1088]

In the Proposing Release, we estimated that printing and mailing expenses for summary prospectuses for underlying portfolio companies would be $0.53 per summary prospectus. We received additional information from a commenter that persuaded us to revise our estimate.^[1089] In a change from the proposal, we estimate that printing and mailing expenses for summary prospectuses for underlying portfolio companies to be $4.50 per set of prospectuses for new investors and $1.65 for existing investors.^[1090] Assuming the 2019 level of contracts in force and contract purchases remains stable, we estimate the printing and mailing cost will decline by $4,439,000 for new investors and $26,645,000 for existing investors,^[1091] for aggregate cost savings of $31,085,000.^[1092] Registrants will incur costs associated with making the underlying portfolio company summary prospectus, statutory prospectus, SAI, and most recent shareholder reports available online under the conditions set forth in the rule. We estimate the annual burden to comply with the website posting requirements of the rule for documents relating to portfolio companies will be 1,206 hours,^[1093] at an internal cost equivalent of $299,088.^[1094]

Insurers and portfolio companies may incur costs in connection with the requirement to provide summary prospectuses for underlying portfolio companies upon request of an investor. We estimate that the annual cost associated with printing and mailing these prospectuses will be $500 per registrant.^[1095] We estimate that the aggregate annual costs associated with printing and mailing portfolio summary prospectuses will be $301,500.^[1096]

Thus, we estimate a reduction of costs related to delivery of portfolio company summary prospectuses of $30,479,000.^[1097]

2. Changes to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6

a. Benefits and Costs for Investors

The amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 are intended to reflect the evolution of variable contract features including, in particular, the prevalence of optional benefits that insurers offer under these contracts, and to provide greater consistency among the forms. For example, the amended forms require additional information about standard and optional benefits that a contract may offer. There is no current form requirement regarding optional benefits.

The amended forms also increase consistency of disclosure presentation requirements among variable contracts that register on different form types. This increased consistency could help investors compare variable contracts that register on different form types. Certain investors who are considering variable annuities may also be considering variable life insurance (and vice versa). We believe a consistent presentation and common disclosure of elements that we consider useful in explaining variable contracts' features and risks could reduce investor confusion and promote investor understanding across types of variable products. Also, we believe that more uniformity of disclosures across variable contract types may make it easier for investors to compare similar products.

We are amending the General Instructions of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 regarding the preparation and filing of registration statements. First, these amendments prescribe the ordering and location of the Key Information Table, the Overview of the Variable Annuity Contract, and the Fee Table. In particular, the amendments place this information at the beginning of the prospectus, benefitting investors to the extent that this placement makes information about a variable contract's key features, costs, and risks more readily available. We do not anticipate that these changes will impose substantial costs on investors. We acknowledge that investors familiar with the current ordering of information on Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 could bear one-time costs associated with adjusting to the presentation of information on these forms.

Second, we are amending the General Instructions to provide new guidance in each of the forms that addresses when a single prospectus may be used to describe multiple contracts and when multiple prospectuses may be included in a single registration statement. To the extent that ensuring that prospectuses and registration statements cover contracts with similar features, costs, and risks facilitates investors' understanding of contract characteristics, these amendments may benefit investors. While we do not have information available to quantify these benefits, we believe that these amendments are consistent with current industry practice and we therefore do not expect these benefits to be substantial. We do not anticipate that these changes will impose substantial costs on investors. We acknowledge that to the extent that the guidance results in presentation of information that investors are unaccustomed to, investors may bear one-time costs associated with adjusting to a new presentation of variable contract information.

In a change from the proposal, we have decided to eliminate AUV tables currently in Forms N-3 and N-4 in their entirety.^[1098] Eliminating AUV tables may impose costs on current and potential investors, to the extent that such investors could make use of historical summary performance information as part of their decision to make additional investments or their decision to choose between insurers or variable products. We believe these costs are substantially mitigated, however, because investors can get summary information with respect to the net performance of an individual option from the Appendix to the summary prospectus.

b. Benefits and Costs for Insurers

The form amendments will increase consistency of disclosure presentation requirements among variable contracts that are registered on different form types. We anticipate that this increased consistency among Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 could have the benefit of reducing costs among sponsors that register variable contracts on multiple registration form types. For example, we anticipate that this will make the production of registration statements simpler, in that form instructions and content requirements will in many cases be the same (except in cases where structural differences or product differences that the different form types indicate will lead to requirements that will differ across the form types).^[1099]

In a change from the proposal and as discussed above, we have decided to eliminate AUV tables currently in Forms N-3 and N-4 in their entirety. For registrants utilizing these forms, we believe the amendments will reduce the costs related to preparing registration statement disclosure of information relating to the contract's accumulation unit values. We estimate the implementation costs for each of the three registrant types, while netting the reduced burden for Form N-3 and Form N-4 registrants, below.

Form N-3 Estimates. We estimate that there are currently six insurer separate accounts that file on Form N-3. We estimate the total annual hour burden to comply with amended Form N-3 to be 2,836 hours, at an internal time cost equivalent of $762,884.^[1100] We also estimate the total external cost burden to comply with amended Form N-3 to be $123,114.^[1101]

Form N-4 Estimates. We estimate that there are currently 477 insurer separate accounts that file on Form N-4. We estimate the total annual hour burden to comply with amended Form N-4 to be 300,937 hours, at an internal time cost equivalent of $80,952,053.^[1102] We also estimate the total external cost burden to comply with amended Form N-4 to be $30,342,168.^[1103]

Form N-6 Estimates. We estimate that there are currently 223 insurer separate accounts that file on Form N-6. We estimate the total annual hour burden to comply with amended Form N-6 to be 65,123 hours, at an internal time cost equivalent of $17,518,087.^[1104] We also estimate the total external burden to comply with amended Form N-6 to be $7,840,000.^[1105]

In addition to these implementation costs, the form amendments could impose costs related to changes in presentation of information. In particular, the amendments may impose costs on insurers to the extent that they limit insurers' flexibility in choosing the placement of information within the statutory prospectuses. While we do not have data necessary to quantify these costs, we do not expect them to be substantial.

3. Inline XBRL

Generally as proposed, except as discussed below, we are requiring certain information from variable contract statutory prospectuses to be filed with the Commission in Inline XBRL. Inline XBRL is a specification of XBRL that is both human-readable and machine-readable for purposes of validation, aggregation, and analysis.

The Inline XBRL requirement is expected to benefit investors directly by facilitating and enhancing the analysis and comparison of variable contracts by investors and by investment professionals working on their behalf, and indirectly by facilitating the analysis of variable contracts by financial analysts, data aggregators, Commission staff, variable contract issuers, and others. For example, we expect that investors will benefit from more accurate and timely information provided by data aggregators as a result of the Inline XBRL requirement.

These benefits are expected to be greatest in instances of filings by a large number of registrants and for information from variable contract disclosures that is not aggregated by data aggregators today and therefore requires greater effort to extract and analyze on the part of investors. To the extent that some of the variable contract investors and other data users also review disclosures of mutual funds and ETFs, those investors and other data users will have familiarity with using Inline XBRL to view and analyze disclosures from having reviewed prospectus risk/return summaries filed in Inline XBRL under the recently adopted Inline XBRL requirements for mutual funds and ETFs.^[1106]

For contracts being sold to new investors, variable contract registrants will incur costs to tag and review the required information in Inline XBRL. Some filers may perform the tagging in-house while others may retain outside service providers. We expect the outside service providers to pass along their costs to filers. Various XBRL preparation solutions have been developed and used by operating companies and open-end fund filers, and some evidence suggests that, for operating companies, XBRL tagging costs have decreased over time.^[1107] Because Inline XBRL allows filers to embed XBRL data directly into an HTML document, we expect costs to be even lower than with XBRL since Inline XBRL eliminates the need to tag a copy of the information in a separate XBRL exhibit. For filers that currently report information in Inline XBRL for other investment products they offer, such as open-end funds, filing variable contract information in Inline XBRL under the amendments will likely incur lower costs of compliance than filers adopting Inline XBRL for the first time.

In a departure from the proposal, we are applying the Inline XBRL requirement only to contracts that are being sold to new investors. As discussed in further detail below, we believe the benefits of structured data are less significant for contracts that are not being sold to new investors and do not justify the additional yearly tagging cost on filers of such contracts.^[1108] As a result, contracts that are offered to new investors after the Inline XBRL compliance date will include current structured data only until those contracts are no longer offered to new investors, at which point the structured data will no longer reflect any subsequent changes to the formerly tagged disclosures. Investors that use this structured data could therefore incur the cost of using potentially outdated information in their analysis. However, because prospectus disclosures related to contracts that are no longer sold to new investors are unlikely to materially change from year to year, and because these contracts are not potential investments for new investors comparing variable contract options, we believe this cost is of low significance.

Similar to the risk/return summary requirements for mutual funds and ETFs, (1) the amendments require variable contract registrants to submit to the Commission in Inline XBRL certain information from registration statements, post-effective amendments, and prospectuses with certain information that varies from the registration statement, and (2) the Interactive Data File will be submitted in post-effective amendment filings to the registration statement, which may make the filing incrementally more efficient than if the Interactive Data File was submitted in a separate filing.

Those registrants affected by the requirement that have not had experience structuring disclosures in other contexts will likely incur initial costs to acquire the necessary expertise and/or software as well as ongoing costs of tagging required information in Inline XBRL, and any fixed costs of complying with the Inline XBRL requirement may have a relatively greater impact on smaller filers.^[1109] On an ongoing basis, registrants are expected to expend time to review the tagged information in Inline XBRL using their in-house staff. Some registrants may also incur an initial cost to license filing preparation software with Inline XBRL capabilities from a software vendor, and some may also incur an ongoing licensing cost. Other registrants may incur an initial cost to modify their existing filing preparation software to accommodate Inline XBRL preparation. Some registrants will incur the costs of filing agent services to rely on a filing agent to prepare their Inline XBRL filings. Initial costs involving investments in expertise and modifications to disclosure preparation solutions, or switching to a different software vendor or outside service provider, may result in a higher compliance cost during the first year of using Inline XBRL than in subsequent years. While the costs of compliance with the Inline XBRL requirement are likely to vary across registrants, we estimate that the average annual internal burden for a variable contract registrant on Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 will be approximately $20,880, $14,616, and $14,616 per year, respectively, and the average external cost will be approximately $1,800, $900, and $900 per year, respectively.^[1110]

The compliance dates under the amendments are expected to give registrants additional time to obtain the necessary expertise and software, and mitigate the impact of transition on all filers, including smaller filers. However, we also expect that filers may realize benefits from the Inline XBRL requirement to the extent that making disclosures available in a structured format reduces some of the information barriers that make it costly for variable contract registrants to find new investors, as discussed in Section IV.D below.

By making it easier to perform automated comparisons of disclosures across variable contracts, the amendments also might affect sales agents. Sales agents play a significant role in the distribution of variable contract products. For non-captive sales agents that independently compare variable contract products for recommendation to investors and prepare their own sales materials, we believe that those sales agents could benefit from the easier access and enhanced usability of information about variable contracts in Inline XBRL. Inline XBRL can facilitate faster search features across a larger set of variable contracts, with the Inline XBRL Viewer providing enhanced filtering and aggregation features. By using these features, sales agents may be able to select variable contract offerings that are better tailored to investors' demands. Similar benefits could also accrue to captive sales agents, to the extent that Inline XBRL permits them to more easily compare different variable contracts offered by a single issuer compared to manual review. Because having the required data in a structured format facilitates the analysis, aggregation, and comparison of information about variable contracts, the amendments might increase competition for investor capital among sales agents offering variable contract products of individual insurers or a narrow range of variable contract products.^[1111]

4. Treatment of Discontinued Variable Contracts

As discussed above, the Commission is taking the position that if an issuer of an Eligible Contract that is discontinued as of July 1, 2020 that provides alternative disclosures does not file post-effective amendments to update a variable contract registration statement and does not provide updated prospectuses to existing investors, this would not provide a basis for enforcement action so long as investors are provided with the Alternative Disclosures or certain modernized alternative disclosures.^[1112]

Issuers providing alternative disclosures currently experience reductions in costs associated with updating registration statements and delivering updated prospectuses, compared to other variable contract issuers. In addition, the Commission position creates an option for issuers of Eligible Contracts. In lieu of providing financial statements and portfolio company prospectuses, issuers can send a Notice Document and post the portfolio company prospectuses and other required documents online. Issuers of Eligible Contracts will benefit from this position to the extent preparing and sending the Notice Document, in lieu of providing portfolio company prospectuses and financial statements, is less costly than providing Alternative Disclosures. This determination will be specific to agreements between insurers and portfolio companies as well as the circumstances of each contract, including the number of remaining contract investors, the number of underlying portfolio companies, and the proportion of the costs of printing and mailing the portfolio company prospectuses allocated to the variable contract issuer.

We acknowledge that there are certain other costs and burdens that are currently reduced for issuers providing alternative disclosures, but would not be similarly reduced under the rule and form amendments. For example, a registrant relying on rule 498A will bear burdens of maintaining and updating the contract registration statement,^[1113] preparing and filing updating summary prospectuses, delivering the updating summary prospectus to investors annually, and making the contract statutory prospectus and SAI and other required documents available online. In addition, while the form amendments will simplify certain current disclosure requirements,^[1114] in other instances they will result in new or amended disclosures that, in the aggregate, we anticipate will result in a net increase in the burden associated with preparing an initial registration statement and post-effective amendments thereto.^[1115]

We estimate that approximately 4.79 million variable contracts are currently providing alternative disclosures.^[1116] For those contracts, the extent of the impact, compared to the baseline, of the Commission's position with respect to Eligible Contracts will depend on the extent to which insurers choose to provide modernized alternative disclosures. If insurers choose to provide the Alternative Disclosures, the impact would be minimal.^[1117] Alternatively, if issuers choose to provide modernized alternative disclosures, we believe investors will receive more useful information than the financial statements they currently receive.

With respect to insurers with variable contracts outstanding, the Commission position likely will result in some costs. Existing contracts whose issuers are not currently operating in the manner described in the Staff Letters may have been structured or offered by insurers with the expectation that the insurer could provide alternative disclosures if a product launch is unsuccessful or the number of investors diminishes over time. Those contracts may experience unexpected future costs associated with updating the registration statement and delivering prospectuses under current regulatory requirements. However, those contracts could avail themselves of the summary prospectus regime, which, as discussed above, may mitigate some of those costs.

Many of the burdens that are currently reduced for issuers providing alternative disclosures are also expected to be reduced under the summary prospectus framework; in particular, we expect reductions in costs associated with printing and mailing the contract summary prospectus and underlying portfolio company prospectuses to investors.^[1118] However, to the extent that the summary prospectus framework does not reduce future costs to the same extent as currently for issuers providing alternative disclosures, insurers may seek to terminate contracts with few remaining investors.

D. Effects on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital Formation

This section describes the effects we expect the rule and form amendments to have on efficiency, competition, and capital formation.

Efficiency. To investors, the costs of purchasing a variable contract are more than just the dollar cost of the contract and include the value of an individual's time spent gaining an understanding of the contract as well as various aspects of the contract including optional benefits and fee structures, both prior to contract purchase and during the free look period following purchase. Further, for those investors who do not gain a full understanding of the contract, there could be a cost stemming from a potential mismatch between an investor's goals and the purchased contract. Depending on the size of an individual's potential purchase, certain of these additional costs could be considerable in comparison to the monetary costs associated with contract purchase and could discourage investors from considering variable contracts even in circumstances where investment in a variable contract would be beneficial.

For their part, insurers only supply variable contracts to the extent they expect the benefits derived from providing the contracts to be greater than cost of supplying the contract.^[1119] For insurers, costs include not only those costs associated with producing and servicing variable contracts, but also those costs associated with meeting various statutory and regulatory obligations.

These costs borne by both insurers and individuals are examples of market “frictions.” Market frictions have the effect of reducing the benefits from contracting between market participants.^[1120] Rules that reduce costs for investors, insurers, or both, reduce market frictions. The summary prospectus framework offers the opportunity for both insurers and investors to reduce their costs associated with variable contracts. Summary prospectuses provide information in a concise, user-friendly way that may allow investors to better understand variable products. The summary prospectus framework offers opportunities for insurers to reduce the costs of producing and delivering required disclosures to investors.^[1121]

Similarly, the amendments to the registration forms will make key information more salient for investors and will make the presentation of this information more consistent across variable contract types. Additional consistency across forms will also reduce compliance burdens for insurers that are required to file using multiple form types, as will the amendments that reduce or eliminate certain disclosure requirements such as the AUV table requirement. The resulting decrease in market frictions should lead to greater efficiency by reducing barriers that insurers may face in supplying variable contracts to investors, and reducing barriers investors may face in evaluating variable contracts sold to them by insurers, particularly during the free look period.^[1122] In addition, requiring variable contract registrants to file certain information in Inline XBRL will enable investors to capture and analyze that information more quickly and efficiently than is possible using the same information provided in a static, text-based format. This improved functionality is expected to also facilitate the analysis performed by other data users (such as financial analysts, data aggregators, Commission staff, academics, and financial journalists) to the ultimate benefit of investors.

These increases in efficiency could manifest as a higher likelihood that investors make investment decisions that are informationally efficient. First, it may increase the likelihood that investors choose a level of participation in variable contracts that is consistent with their overall financial needs and objectives—a level that may be higher or lower than current levels. The rule and form amendments may help promote investment in variable contracts by investors who would benefit from them. Second, more concise, user-friendly disclosure facilitates comparison across variable contracts and could make it more likely that investors choose the contracts that best meet their needs and reject those that do not. We also note that in facilitating comparison across variable products, concise, user-friendly disclosures may promote competition among insurers on dimensions such as fees, costs, and conflicts which could, in turn, improve investor welfare. Third, improved access to information resulting from more concise disclosure could facilitate more efficient investor allocation of assets across portfolio companies within variable contracts. Finally, access to clearer information about the contract terms may reduce the chances that an investor surrenders a variable contract when the costs of surrender do not justify the benefits of surrender.

Furthermore, we considered the potential impact of our position on Alternative Disclosure Contracts on efficiency. We recognize that our position likely will cause insurers with non-Alternative Disclosure Contracts outstanding to incur additional costs due to the disclosure obligations that they may not have anticipated. To the extent that these unexpected costs drive insurers to take actions to encourage investors to exchange old contracts for new contracts or to buy out existing contracts, the Commission's position may result in inefficiencies. However, we believe that this reduction in efficiency may be offset by the expected increase in informational efficiency associated with the disclosures that will be afforded to contract holders in lieu of the alternative disclosures described in the Staff Letters.

Competition. If the rule and form amendments increase efficiency of exchange in the variable contracts market, then we may observe a change in investment in variable contracts. For example, if there are individuals who currently do not invest in variable contracts (or invest less than they would have) because the costs other than the price of the contract are too high, then to the extent the rule lowers those costs we would expect to observe more people entering the variable contract market. Conversely, there may be investors who, because of the burden, choose not to read statutory prospectuses. To the extent those investors are more likely to read summary prospectuses, those investors may decide, as a result, that other investments or products are better suited to their investment goals. This could result in fewer investments in variable contracts. If there are insurers who limit their participation in the variable contract market, or limit the portfolio companies they offer as a result of the costs of current prospectus delivery requirements, those insurers may increase participation or increase the number of portfolio companies they offer as a result of this rule. To the extent that competition in a market is related to the size of the market, the net effect of these potential changes in investor demand for, and insurer supply of, variable contracts could affect competition in the variable contract market.

The rule could also affect competition by requiring that information about the variable contract be presented in a concise, user-friendly way in the summary prospectus, which enhances the ability of investors to compare information across products. Requiring variable contract registrants to file certain information in Inline XBRL will further facilitate comparisons of information across contracts by making it easier for investors (directly or through data aggregators) to extract and aggregate information through automated means for analysis and comparison, which could increase competition among variable contract registrants for investor capital, particularly in combination with the free look period.^[1123] For example, the rule and form amendments require insurers to distill certain information into tables. The presentation of this information in a table facilitates comparison across different products. Greater comparison across different variable products could lead to greater competition on dimensions which could improve investor welfare. Insurers could leverage the enhanced comparative capabilities arising from the Inline XBRL requirement (as well as the broader informational benefits arising from the summary prospectus and registration statement updating requirements) to better survey the variable contract products offered by their competitors and develop innovations to differentiate their own products from those offered by their competitors. Furthermore, the comparative benefits discussed above could increase further to the extent third-party data aggregators enter the market and use information disclosed in prospectuses to provide consolidated data on variable products, as search and processing costs could be reduced even further for investors. By reducing the costs associated with aggregating data across variable contracts, the Inline XBRL requirements could reduce barriers to entry for third-party data aggregators and induce competition among firms that supply information about variable contracts to investors, including other third-party aggregators and sales agents.

The effect on competition between insurers could be limited, however, to the extent variable contract investors continue to rely on an agent to help them select and customize their variable contract(s) and do not have access to broad comparisons of variable contracts enabled by the Inline XBRL requirements at the time of sale or during the free look period.^[1124] Agents generally only provide their customers with a subset of the variable contracts available in the general marketplace. Thus, while the product information in summary prospectuses will facilitate comparison across products offered by the agent, the effect will likely be limited to the agent's set of products rather than to the broader market.

We recognize that any fixed costs of compliance with the new requirements, including Inline XBRL requirements, could have a relatively greater impact on small filers. However, the overall magnitude of such costs, discussed in greater detail in Section V below, and thus the magnitude of the associated competitive effects, is expected to be modest.

We also considered the potential impact of our position on Alternative Disclosure Contracts on competition between insurers. Above, we discussed the possibility that, because contracts that are not Alternative Disclosure Contracts as of the effective date of the final summary prospectus rules could not provide alternative disclosures after such date, the Commission's position could cause these insurers to experience future costs of disclosure obligations that they may not have anticipated. The Commission's position thus may place at a competitive advantage those insurers with a greater proportion of contracts that may operate under the Commission position.^[1125] We note, however, that Alternative Disclosure Contracts are no longer offered for sale to the public and, therefore, do not compete for investment by new investors. The competitive effect will be limited to additional investment by existing investors in existing Alternative Disclosure Contracts.

Commenters stated that the Alternative Disclosure Contract framework has enabled insurers to continually innovate and introduce new products for investors.^[1126] One commenter indicated that in the absence of the Alternative Disclosure Contract framework, insurers would be less likely to innovate and offer new products which could, in turn, limit investor choice and dampen competition among insurers.^[1127] As discussed above, however, we generally believe that all variable contract issuers should provide investors the same information and be subject to the same liability standards.^[1128]

Finally, four commenters stated that our requirement to base certain fee calculations in the Key Information Table on an assumed account balance of $100,000 would put insurers offering variable contracts at a competitive disadvantage to mutual funds which are required to assume a $10,000 balance.^[1129] As we note above, $100,000 more closely approximates the current average value of a variable annuity, and therefore we continue to believe that figure is more likely to result in cost projections that align with actual investor expectations and experience.^[1130]

Capital Formation. As discussed in connection with the potential effects of the rule on competition, if the rule increases the efficiency of exchange in the variable contracts market, then we may observe a change in investment in variable contracts. Greater investment in variable contracts could lead to increased demand for securities held by the portfolio companies that underlie the variable contracts (or held directly by the separate account in the case of a Form N-3 registrant).^[1131] The increased demand for securities could, in turn, facilitate capital formation.^[1132] Diminished investment, however, could lead to reduced demand for such securities. We expect either of these effects to be small. We further note that to the extent increased or decreased investment in variable contracts reflects substitution from other investment vehicles, the effect on capital formation will be attenuated.

The Inline XBRL requirements could increase the efficiency of capital formation to the extent that making disclosures available in a structured format reduces some of the information barriers that make it costly for variable contract registrants to find new investors. Smaller registrants in particular may benefit more from enhanced exposure to investors. If reporting the disclosures in a structured format increases the availability, or reduces the cost of collecting and analyzing, key information about variable contracts, smaller variable contract registrants may benefit from improved coverage by third-party information providers and data aggregators.

To the extent that the rule reduces costs for some variable contract registrants, we expect reduced costs to increase the portion of investor money that is retained as the investor's contract value, rather than used to cover expenses, resulting, over time, in a net positive effect on the level of capital invested through variable contracts. Furthermore, to the extent that reductions in expenses have a positive effect on the performance of variable contracts and attract new investors or additional capital from existing investors, the rule may result in greater capital formation. We expect this effect to be small.

E. Reasonable Alternatives

1. Mandating Summary Prospectuses

New rule 498A will provide registrants the option to use the summary prospectus regime the rule establishes. Alternatively, we considered mandating the use of summary prospectuses.^[1133] We expect that use of summary prospectuses will provide net benefits to investors because they are shorter, simpler, and designed to make salient the most important variable contract terms. A mandatory regime would ensure that those benefits are available to all investors, not just those who have invested in variable contracts offered by insurers that would elect to deliver summary prospectuses.^[1134]

We believe that insurers will only choose to rely on the optional summary prospectus regime where they expect that the benefits will outweigh the costs. While we believe that reliance on the summary prospectus regime will yield cost savings for insurers, we acknowledge that these cost savings will vary across insurers and there may be insurers that do not expect benefits in excess of the expected costs of relying on summary prospectuses. Registrants will likely assess the relative benefit of using a summary prospectus based on the types of products they offer and the length of their current prospectuses—as well as the benefit of more concise disclosure to investors—when evaluating whether to opt into the new layered disclosure regime. Imposing a mandatory summary prospectus regime would entail imposing net costs on these insurers.

Based on our analysis of cost savings and other efficiencies above, our expectation is that insurers offering variable contracts to new investors will choose to use summary prospectuses. We believe that making reliance on rule 498A optional will give insurers the opportunity to gradually transition to the new summary prospectus regime while minimizing disruption to their current registration and business processes. Given our expectation that most insurers offering variable contracts to new investors will chose to use summary prospectuses, and the anticipated cost-savings and other efficiencies available to insurers that rely on the rule, we do not at this time believe a mandatory approach is necessary to achieve the goals of the variable contract summary prospectus regime.

2. Summary Prospectuses Delivered With Statutory Prospectuses

New rule 498A requires the variable contract statutory prospectus, as well as the contract's SAI, to be publicly accessible, free of charge, at a website address specified on the cover of the summary prospectus. As we discuss above, investors who wish to use statutory prospectuses as well as summary prospectuses will bear an additional burden of accessing statutory prospectuses online. Alternatively, the rule could require insurers to provide both summary and statutory prospectuses together in paper or, if the investor has elected to receive the document electronically, in electronic form. This alternative would offer the benefit, for those investors choosing to receive the documents in paper, that any investor wishing to use both summary and statutory prospectuses in his or her decision making would not be required to bear the additional burden of accessing statutory prospectuses online.

While providing both summary and statutory prospectuses together would eliminate the necessity of those investors who wish to use both summary and statutory prospectuses having to bear the burden of accessing statutory prospectuses online, we have decided against this alternative for two reasons. First, rather than reducing printing and mailing costs, this alternative would create additional printing and mailing costs. We believe that the increased printing and mailing costs would cause few insurers to choose to provide both summary and statutory prospectuses. Thus, de facto, the potential benefits of layered disclosure would likely not be available to most investors.

Second, summary prospectuses will provide investors with key information relating to the contract's terms, benefits, and risks in a concise and more reader-friendly document. We are concerned that variable contract investors may not read or understand the disclosures they currently receive. If investors were to receive both summary and statutory prospectuses, the increase in materials received could lead to potentially fewer investors reading either of the documents.^[1135]

3. Contract-Specific Updating Summary Prospectuses

The adopted variable contract summary prospectus regime requires that the initial summary prospectus only describe a single contract that the registrant currently offers for sale, but permits an updating summary prospectus to describe more than one contract covered in the statutory prospectus to which the updating summary prospectus relates. Commenters supported the optionality to allow the updating summary prospectus to include multiple contracts under the statutory prospectus to which the summary prospectus relates.^[1136] As an alternative, we considered requiring that the updating summary prospectus describe only a single contract.

An updating summary prospectus that describes solely the contract held by an investor could be easier for that investor to consume than an updating summary prospectus that describes more than one contract, and therefore could be more beneficial to investors than the final rule's approach. The magnitude of this increase in benefits depends on the extent to which information about multiple contracts confuses investors or causes investors not to read the information, which, in turn, likely depends on the number of changes to contracts and the number of different contracts that would be presented in the updating summary prospectus.

We acknowledge that this alternative would permit investors to easily focus on key information on a single contract. However, we believe this increase in benefits would be limited because, based on our current understanding of variable contracts, there are a limited number of changes to contracts in any given year, and many of those changes (such as changes to the available portfolio companies or the addition of new optional benefits) typically apply to similar contracts in the same prospectus. Accordingly, although the section of the updating prospectus that describes changes to the contracts will cover multiple contracts, the number of changes concerning any individual contract is expected to be relatively brief, thus minimizing the amount of inapplicable information the investor would read.

We do note that under this alternative, an insurer could limit the costs associated with printing and mailing by only delivering those updating summary prospectuses to an investor that holds the contracts they describe. However, such a process would likely entail systems upgrades and changes to back-office operations needed to tailor mailings on an investor-by-investor basis.^[1137]

4. Do Not Provide Updating Summary Prospectuses

We considered two closely related alternative approaches to the final summary prospectus regime in which only initial contract purchasers would receive a summary prospectus, and afterwards, investors who make additional purchase payments or who reallocate contract value would either (1) receive no updating summary prospectus or (2) receive only a notice that the statutory prospectus is available online. Such an alternative would likely yield larger cost savings for insurers because insurers would not be required to produce, print, and mail updating summary prospectuses and would instead incur only costs associated with providing the initial summary prospectus when an investor first purchases the contract or reallocates contract value.

However, under either of these alternatives, investors would not benefit from the ongoing layered disclosure provided by the updating summary prospectus. As discussed above, the Commission believes that the updating summary prospectus's brief description of any important changes to the contract that occurred within the prior year will allow investors to better focus their attention on new or updated information relating to the contract. Relatedly, the updating summary prospectus includes certain information required in the initial summary prospectus that we consider most relevant to investors when considering additional investment decisions, and investors would not have access to this concise presentation of key information under either alternative.

5. Inline XBRL

The amendments require variable contract registrants to file certain information from statutory prospectuses with the Commission in Inline XBRL. As an alternative, we considered allowing, but not requiring, variable contract registrants to file the information in Inline XBRL. Compared to the amendments, a fully voluntary Inline XBRL program would lower costs for those filers, particularly filers that do not already file information in Inline XBRL.^[1138] However, a voluntary program would reduce the usability of the required data. If information was not submitted by the registrant in a structured, machine-readable format, investors and other data users who wish to instantly analyze, aggregate, and compare the data would be required to incur the costs of paying a third-party provider to manually rekey the data, review the data for data quality problems during the duplication process, and disseminate the data to the users. Alternatively, investors or data users unwilling to pay a third-party provider would incur the time to conduct that process themselves. In either scenario, the data would not be usable in as timely a manner as if it were made machine-readable. In addition, under a voluntary program, data that is not submitted in Inline XBRL would not be validated in EDGAR. Validations are technical restrictions that test for completeness of the data and that the data is appropriately formatted. Validations enable the Commission to ensure consistency of the data so that the disclosures can be immediately used for aggregation, comparison, and analysis. Without validations, data would likely be submitted inconsistently, thus decreasing the overall data quality of the data submitted. Poor data quality reduces any data user's ability to meaningfully analyze, aggregate, and compare data.

Under the amendments, filing the information in Inline XBRL will be required for the Key Information Table, Fee Table, Principal Risks of Investing in the Contract, Standard Death Benefits (for Form N-6), Benefits Available Under the Contract (for Forms N-3 and N-4), Other Benefits Available Under the Contract (for Form N-6), Portfolio Companies Available Under the Contract (for Forms N-4 and N-6), Investment Options Available Under the Contract (for Form N-3), and Additional Information about Investment Options Available Under the Contract (for Form N-3). The information required to be filed in Inline XBRL largely parallels the information that is required of mutual funds and ETFs, and we believe it is likely to be of greatest utility for investors and others that seek to use the information in a structured format to assist with decisions about variable products.

As another alternative, we considered requiring variable contract registrants to submit all, or a larger subset, of the information from the statutory prospectus, rather than only the information covered by the amendments, in Inline XBRL. Compared to the amendments, this alternative would improve the timeliness and usability of the required disclosures, but potentially impose additional costs on registrants. To the extent that the other required disclosures in the affected forms contain information that is more specific to individual registrants without any comparability or aggregation utility, the benefits of having those additional required disclosures in a structured format may be lower than the more limited subset of disclosures required to be filed in Inline XBRL under the amendments.

Under the proposal, the Inline XBRL requirement would have applied to all variable contracts. As discussed above, under the amendments, the Inline XBRL requirement will not apply to contracts that are not being sold to new investors.^[1139] One commenter who opposed the requirement to tag such contracts stated, “Inline XBRL is primarily designed to help investors and other market participants compare investments and decide which, if any, to buy. Applying the Inline XBRL requirements to insurance contracts no longer being sold would impose unnecessary costs and burdens on insurers without providing any benefit to investors.” ^[1140] Other commenters emphasized the need for all filers to structure disclosures in the Inline XBRL format, and noted that comparability of information would be impaired if only some products reported data in structured format.^[1141] We agree that applying the Inline XBRL requirements to contracts no longer being sold to new investors could provide some additional benefit to investors by expanding the overall comparability of variable contracts, however as discussed below, we believe this additional benefit would be limited and would not justify the additional tagging costs to filers because such contracts do not represent potential investment targets for new investors.

Requiring filers to structure contracts that are not being sold to new investors on an ongoing basis would impose additional costs on filers each year, although we expect such costs would be limited. As discussed in further detail below, a significant portion of the costs to filers associated with the tagging requirement will be incurred the first time a registration statement for the contract is filed.^[1142] Furthermore, prospectuses for contracts that become discontinued after the effective date of the amendments are unlikely to materially change from year to year.

Existing investors in a contract that is not being sold to new investors often consider various investment decisions that would likely derive some benefit from analysis facilitated by Inline XBRL tagging. For example, such investors may decide to make additional investments in the contract, purchase different optional benefits available under the contract, or reallocate value among the contract's investment options. In addition, as discussed above, investors in a contract that is not being sold to new investors may consider whether to accept a buyout offer from their insurer or exchange their current contract for a new contract with different optional benefits.^[1143] In such instances, having their contract's disclosures available in structured format could benefit investors by simplifying the comparison of their current contract to other available contracts. However, these investors would likely already be familiar with the disclosures in their contracts, and would only need to compare those disclosures to the disclosures in other currently offered contracts, which will be tagged in Inline XBRL and therefore suitable for instant comparison and analysis. Thus, the benefit to investors of tagging disclosures in contracts that are not being offered to new investors is significantly lower than the benefit to investors of tagging contracts that are being offered to new investors. In addition, while Inline XBRL does facilitate comparisons across reporting periods, investors would derive a related benefit from the Inline XBRL tagging of contracts that are not being sold to new investors only to the extent they find historical information of what was formerly offered to be useful in their review of currently offered products.

The proposed amendments would have provided filers with an 18-month transition period after the effective date of the amendments to give registrants sufficient time to update their prospectuses and to prepare new registration statements that comply with the amendments, including with the Inline XBRL tagging requirement. As discussed in Section II.G above, in a departure from the proposal, the new rule includes an additional 12-month transition period for compliance with the Inline XBRL tagging requirement. Compared to the proposed amendments, this additional transition period will permit filers to defer Inline XBRL compliance costs and may ease the transition for filers, particularly smaller filers and filers that encounter challenges in acquiring expertise and software solutions needed to prepare Inline XBRL filings.^[1144] However, the longer transition period will also defer the benefits of making the information available in a structured format to investors in variable contracts.

As another alternative, we considered requiring the disclosures to be filed in another structured format, such as the XBRL or XML format. Compared to the Inline XBRL requirement, the use of the XBRL format entails complete duplication of the data, which can adversely affect the quality and usability of the structured data as well as the efficiency and cost of preparation and review of the structured data. Compared to the requirement to use Inline XBRL, the alternative to requiring the use of XML could have resulted in lower costs for filers. However, compared to the amendments, XML would have provided less flexibility in tagging complex information as well as less extensive data quality validation capabilities. In addition, neither the XBRL nor XML options are human-readable. As a result, investors and other data users would not have the benefits of having a document that is both machine-readable and human-readable, or the benefits of using an inline viewer when accessing the filing, such as enhanced search features, filtering capabilities, and built-in definitional references. Investors and other data users would have needed to access two different documents to view and analyze the same data. Filers would also have diminished data quality benefits. Because Inline XBRL embeds structured data directly into an HTML document, filers will not need to review a separate structured data document to identify and correct data quality errors. Moreover, by using an Inline XBRL viewer, filers can more easily identify discrepancies in their data before filing.

6. Alternatives to Form N-3, N-4, and N-6 Amendments

The Commission is adopting amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6. Collectively, these amendments are meant to update and enhance the disclosures to investors in variable annuity contracts, and to implement the summary prospectus regime.

We considered adopting a subset of the amendments to the registration forms. Fewer amendments to the registration forms could be less costly for registrants, because registrants would be required to make fewer changes to their disclosure. However, the adopted form amendments also simplify certain current disclosure requirements, and so the net economic effects of proposing only a subset of the amendments depends on the particular subset of amendments. As described in Section II.C above, we believe that the form amendments that we have adopted promote investor understanding of variable contracts by presenting information in a clear manner and by reflecting industry developments. Requiring only a subset of these amendments could result in less investor understanding relative to the understanding resulting from the adopted amendments.

Additionally, the Commission is adopting a new General Instruction in each of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 to encourage the use of disclosure effectiveness principles in variable contract disclosure. Specifically, General Instruction C.3.(c) in each form encourages registrants to use, as appropriate, question-and-answer presentations, tables, side-by-side comparisons, captions, bullet points, numeric examples, illustrations or similar presentation methods.^[1145] We considered mandating the use of these presentation methods. Investors might gain a clearer understanding of the features and risks of variable contracts as a result. We are concerned, however, that mandating a particular presentation method (besides the presentation methods that the form amendments specifically require) could provide less flexibility to registrants to describe variable contracts in the manner they think is most appropriate. Moreover, there could be a risk that mandating the use of certain presentation methods could unintentionally obscure, or not clearly explain, certain variable contract features and risks.

Also, we are adopting a requirement that the Key Information Table include cross-references to the location in the statutory prospectus where the subject matter is described in greater detail (and that cross-references in electronic versions of the summary prospectus and/or statutory prospectus should link directly to the location in the statutory prospectus where the subject matter is discussed in more detail, or should provide a means of facilitating access to that information through equivalent methods or technologies). As an alternative to this instruction, we considered requiring that, where a topic is summarized in the statutory prospectus and is discussed in more detail elsewhere in the statutory prospectus, the summarized topic must include a cross-reference (and a hyperlink in electronic document versions) to the location in the statutory prospectus where the topic is discussed in more detail. This alternative requirement would make use of the layered disclosure approach that underlies the rulemaking proposal in a manner that could make information in the prospectus more accessible to investors and leverage technology in a way that could further assist investors in navigating the prospectus. We believe, however, that adding additional cross-references and hyperlinks would increase costs for insurers and could lead to greater uncertainty among registrants about where cross-references and hyperlinks are required (i.e., whether a topic is summarized in one part of the prospectus and then discussed in more detail later could be viewed as a subjective determination). Further, the benefits of cross-references and hyperlinks might be limited, given that rule 498A will require electronic versions of the statutory prospectus to include a table of contents that would allow the reader to move directly between it and the related sections of the document.

7. Requiring All Variable Contracts (Including Eligible Contracts) To Prepare Updated Registration Statements and Deliver Statutory or Summary Prospectuses

Instead of permitting Eligible Contracts to operate under the Commission position, we considered requiring issuers of all contracts to prepare updated registration statements and comply with either the current standard prospectus delivery requirements or the optional summary prospectus regime. In this scenario, investors in Eligible Contracts would receive the statutory prospectus or the optional updating summary prospectuses, while continuing to have access (either upon request or online, under the summary prospectus regime) to financial statements. As explained in detail above, the optional summary prospectus regime, if relied on, provides significant additional benefits for investors in terms of facilitating the review and understanding of available disclosures.^[1146] At the same time, the optional summary prospectus regime also permits insurers to satisfy delivery obligations for the underlying company prospectuses by making those documents available online, which could create a burden for investors who prefer to use those prospectuses when making allocation decisions and who would have been sent those documents as part of the Alternative Disclosures.

With respect to the impact on insurers, under this alternative, issuers of Eligible Contracts could incur significant costs to update their registration statements under the new form requirements, most of which have not been updated for many years.^[1147] These costs could vary, including based on the period of time since the insurer had last updated the relevant registration statement. In addition, insurers would bear the ongoing costs associated with maintaining an effective registration statement and sending investors documents under the current standard prospectus delivery requirements or the optional summary prospectus regime. We expect these costs would exceed the costs associated with providing investors with the Alternative Disclosures or modernized alternative disclosures particularly when combined with electronic delivery of underlying portfolio company prospectuses.

On balance, given the burdens associated with preparing an updated registration statement and compliance with either standard prospectus delivery requirements or the optional summary prospectus regime, Eligible Contracts may operate in the manner discussed above.^[1148]

8. Alternative Approaches to Discontinued Contracts

The Commission is declining to extend its position to contracts that are not Eligible Contracts. For Eligible Contracts, the Commission position will allow insurers to choose whether to provide Alternative Disclosures or modernized alternative disclosures.^[1149]

We considered and received comment on two alternative approaches; each alternative approach could have been implemented only on a going forward basis or for all contracts, including Eligible Contracts.^[1150] For Method 1, under which each approach would be applied only on a going forward basis for contracts that become discontinued in the future, we analyze the costs and benefits of each approach relative to the adopted summary prospectus framework. For Method 2, under which each approach would also be applied to Eligible Contracts, we analyze the costs and benefits of each approach relative to the options under Commission position. In addition to these economic impacts to existing contracts, the costs and benefits of these approaches could also affect the development of new variable contracts in the future. For example, to the extent that an approach represents additional costs/cost savings associated with a variable contract relative to the adopted rule, these alternative approaches could result in higher/lower fees and charges for future variable contracts. Similarly, these relative costs and benefits may affect insurers' willingness to develop and offer new variable products.

For the reasons described above, the Commission is declining to adopt either alternative and believes that it will benefit from further study and data regarding the potential cost savings and other burden reductions under Approach 2.^[1151] We welcome input from the public as we undertake this further study.

a. Approach 1

Approach 1 would codify existing practices under the Staff Letters with certain modifications.^[1152] The Commission could have implemented Approach 1 only on a going forward basis (Method 1) or for all contracts, including Eligible Contracts (Method 2).

i. Method 1

New rule 498A and Approach 1 would require generally the same information to be delivered to investors. For example, Approach 1 would require insurers of discontinued contracts to deliver an annual notice to investors that contains information substantially similar to that included in an updating summary prospectus under 498A. In addition, under both frameworks, portfolio company prospectuses and shareholder reports would be delivered to all investors but insurers could satisfy portfolio company prospectus delivery requirements by making the portfolio company prospectuses available online and delivering them to investors upon request. As a result, we do not believe that Approach 1 would have a substantial effect on the costs incurred by insurers associated with preparing and delivering disclosures to investors in contracts that become discontinued in the future.

The summary prospectus framework is a layered disclosure regime, however, with a contract's current statutory prospectus (and certain other information) available online and delivered upon request. This additional information would not be available to investors under Approach 1. Unlike the summary prospectus framework, Approach 1 would also allow issuers of certain contracts that become discontinued in the future to cease maintaining an updated registration statement.^[1153] As a result, investors also would not have access to the more detailed information that would be included in an updated registration statement under the summary prospectus framework but not in the materials delivered to investors or available upon request under Approach 1. Under Approach 1 issuers of certain contracts that become discontinued in the future would face lower costs relative to the summary prospectus framework because they would not be required to maintain an updated registration statement for the duration of the contract.

As a further consequence, under Approach 1 the liability provisions available under the federal securities laws would not apply to the same extent as under the current variable contract prospectus delivery regime and under the summary prospectus regime for registrants that choose to rely on rule 498A. The loss of these liability protections represents a potential cost to investors in contracts that may become discontinued in the future.

ii. Method 2

The Commission could also choose to apply Approach 1 not only to future discontinued contracts but to all contracts, including Eligible Contracts. Under the Commission position, insurers of Eligible Contracts may choose whether to provide Alternative Disclosures or modernized alternative disclosures. Issuers of Eligible Contracts who elect to utilize modernized alternative disclosures may provide investors a notice containing information comparable to that in an updating summary prospectus and post the portfolio company prospectuses, statutory prospectus, SAI, and shareholder reports online in lieu of mailing these materials to investors. This is similar to Approach 1 and therefore, where insurers elect to utilize modernized alternative disclosures, we do not believe that investors or insurers in those contracts would realize additional costs or benefits associated with preparing and delivering disclosures under Approach 1.

In contrast, issuers of Eligible Contracts who elect to provide Alternative Disclosures under the Commission position would face additional costs under Approach 1 associated with providing an annual notice to investors. This cost may be mitigated by savings on printing and mailing costs resulting from Approach 1's option to provide portfolio company prospectuses and updated financial statements by posting them on a website. However, investors in these contracts would benefit by receiving the additional information included in the annual notice they would be provided under Approach 1 but would not receive as part of the Alternative Disclosures.

b. Approach 2

Approach 2 would require that insurers maintain an updated registration statement, but would allow financial statements to be forward incorporated by reference into the registration statement.^[1154] The Commission could have implemented Approach 2 only on a going forward basis (Method 1) or for all contracts, including Eligible Contracts (Method 2).

i. Method 1

Under Approach 2, the documents insurers would prepare and deliver to investors are similar to those that are prepared and delivered in the summary prospectus framework. As a result, we do not believe that Approach 2 would have a substantial effect on the costs incurred by insurers associated with preparing and delivering disclosures to investors in contracts that become discontinued in the future. Like the summary prospectus framework, Approach 2 would require issuers of discontinued contracts to maintain a current registration statement and to make the statutory prospectus and SAI available online. However, Approach 2 would only require insurers to file post-effective amendments to update their registration statements when there are material changes to the offering, and would allow forward incorporation by reference of updated financial statements in the registration statement. This approach could reduce costs for issuers of future discontinued contracts to the extent that it reduced the number of post-effective amendments compared to the summary prospectus framework.

For investors in contracts that may become discontinued in the future, the disclosures that would be delivered to them under Approach 2 are similar to those they will receive under the adopted summary prospectus framework. Further, because the summary prospectus framework and Approach 2 would both require insurers to maintain an updated registration statement for the life of the contract, investors in future discontinued contracts under both frameworks would have access to the more detailed information included in the updated registration statement.

ii. Method 2

The Commission could also choose to apply Approach 2 not only to future discontinued contracts but to all contracts, including Eligible Contracts. If the Commission chose to apply Approach 2 to all contracts, insurers issuing Eligible Contracts would likely face additional costs relative to the Commission position. Issuers of Eligible Contracts who choose to provide modernized alternative disclosures under the Commission position would face similar costs associated with preparing and delivering disclosures to investors under Approach 2, but these insurers would incur an additional cost to bring their registration statement up to date. Insurers who choose instead to provide Alternative Disclosures under the Commission position would similarly incur costs under Approach 2 to bring their registration statement up to date, as well as the additional cost of providing the notice document. However, Approach 2's option to post portfolio company statements and updated financial statements on a website would likely mitigate these additional costs to insurers that would otherwise opt to provide Alternative Disclosures under the Commission position.

Under Approach 2, investors in all Eligible Contracts would benefit from the liability protections of the federal securities laws, which they would not receive under either option under the Commission position. Investors who would receive Alternative Disclosures under the Commission position would further benefit from the disclosures provided in the annual notice they would receive under Approach 2.

V. Paperwork Reduction Act

New rule 498A will result in new “collection of information” requirements within the meaning of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (“PRA”).^[1155] In addition, the new rule and other amendments will impact the collections of information under Form N-3, Form N-4, Form N-6, and Mutual Fund Interactive Data (which will be retitled as “Investment Company Interactive Data”) within the meaning of the PRA.^[1156]

The titles for the existing collections of information are: (1) “Form N-3, Registration Statement under the Securities and Investment Co. Acts for Insurance Co. Separate Accounts Issuing Variable Annuity Contracts” (OMB Control No. 3235-0316); (2) “FormN-4, Registration Statement under the Securities and Investment Co. Acts for Insurance Co. Separate Accounts Issuing Variable Annuity Contracts” (OMB Control No. 3235-0318); (3) “FormN-6 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Securities Act of 1933, Registration Statement of Variable Life Insurance Separate Accounts Registered as Unit Investment Trusts” (OMB Control No. 3235-0503); and “Mutual Fund Interactive Data” (OMB Control No. 3235-0642) (re-titled as “Investment Company Interactive Data”). The title for the new collection of information under rule 498A is “Summary Prospectus for Variable Annuity and Variable Life Insurance Contracts.” ^[1157] The Commission is submitting these collections of information to the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”) for review in accordance with 44 U.S.C. 3507(d) and 5 CFR 1320.11. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid control number.

We published notice soliciting comments on the collection of information requirements in the Proposing Release and submitted the proposed collections of information to OMB for review in accordance with 44 U.S.C. 3507(d) and 5 CFR 1320.11. We received two comments that discussed our estimates of burdens and costs associated with certain collection of information requirements under the proposal.^[1158] We address these comments below, along with a discussion generally of the collection of information burdens and costs associated with new rule 498A and where applicable, the existing collections of information.

The amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 update and enhance the required disclosures provided to variable contract investors. For example, the amendments require registrants to summarize certain key information about the contract at the beginning of the prospectus, as well as update the presentation of fee information and require additional information about standard and optional benefits that a contract may offer. They also standardize presentation requirements to make the information more accessible to retail investors, while retaining key elements of the disclosure that is available today.

In addition, we are amending Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6, along with certain rules that effectuate the Commission's requirements regarding the use of Inline XBRL format for the submission of certain required disclosures ^[1159] in variable contract statutory prospectuses. These amendments are intended to harness technology to allow investors (directly and through their investment professionals), data aggregators, financial analysts, Commission staff, and other data users to efficiently analyze and compare the available information about variable contracts.

New rule 498A permits a person to satisfy its prospectus delivery obligations under the Securities Act for a variable contract by providing a summary prospectus to investors and making the statutory prospectus available online. The rule also will consider a person to have met its prospectus delivery obligations for any portfolio companies associated with a variable contract if these prospectuses are posted online. Pursuant to the rule, registrants using a summary prospectus also are required to send these documents to investors upon request.

Finally, the amendments to rule 497 provide the requirements for filing summary prospectuses with the Commission and for submitting information to the Commission in Inline XBRL format. These amendments do not constitute a separate collection of information under rule 497. The burden required by these amendments is part of the collection of information under new rule 498A, and for filings of Interactive Data Files, are part of the “Investment Company Interactive Data” collection of information.

A. Form N-3

Form N-3 is the form used by separate accounts offering variable annuity contracts that are organized as management investment companies to register under the Investment Company Act and/or to register and offer their securities under the Securities Act. Form N-3 contains collection of information requirements. Compliance with the disclosure requirements of Form N-3 is mandatory. Responses to the disclosure requirements are not confidential.

Form N-3 generally imposes two types of reporting burdens on investment companies: (1) The burden of preparing and filing the initial registration statement; and (2) the burden of preparing and filing post effective amendments to a previously effective registration statement. The hour and cost burden estimates for preparing and filing initial registration statements and post-effective amendments on Form N-3 are based on the Commission's experience with the contents of the form. The number of burden hours and cost may vary depending on, among other things, the complexity of the filing and whether preparation of the form is performed by internal staff or outside counsel. We currently estimate for Form N-3 a total of 2,518 internal burden hours, with a total annual external cost burden of $164,144.^[1160]

We are adopting amendments to Form N-3 to update and enhance the disclosures to investors in variable annuity contracts, and to implement the new summary prospectus regime. We are amending certain disclosures that Form N-3 currently requires with respect to the separate account's investment objectives and risks, management of the registrant, investment advisory and other services, portfolio managers, and brokerage allocation and other practices. In addition, amended Form N-3 requires certain new disclosures regarding, among other things: The Key Information Table, an overview of the contract, principal risks, optional benefits, loans, and the Appendix of available investment options. We are also reducing or eliminating certain disclosures currently required by the form, such as the AUV tables.^[1161]

The table below summarizes the estimated adjustments to the Form N-3 collection of information from the proposed amendments,^[1162] the estimated adjustments to the Form N-3 collection of information from the final amendments, and the final PRA estimates for internal and external burdens associated with amended Form N-3:

Changes to Burden Estimates Resulting From Final Amendments

We did not receive public comment on our proposed PRA estimates for the amendments to Form N-3, which we are adopting largely as proposed. With one exception, we generally believe the modifications to the proposed amendments in the aggregate do not result in changes to our proposed estimates of the effect of the amendments on the current burdens. We believe, however, that registrants will experience a reduction in internal hourly burdens due to the elimination of the requirement to provide AUV tables and are reducing the estimated hourly burden to prepare and file a post-effective amendment by 5 hours per investment option.^[1163] We are also revising our estimates to reflect current figures for the number of Form N-3 registration statements filed annually and updated internal wage rates,^[1164] as set forth in the table above.

Initial registration statements. As proposed, we estimate that the amendments will result in the following changes to the internal hours and external cost burdens:

• For disclosures that are not related to the contract's investment options, an additional 1.7 hours per initial registration statement.^[1165]

• For disclosures related to the contract's investment options, an additional 2 hours per investment option per initial registration statement.^[1166]

• We estimate no change to the external cost burden due to the amendments.
• Unrelated to the amendments, we estimate an external cost burden of $20,300 per initial registration statement to provide disclosures other than those related to the contract's investment options, and an additional $8,291 per investment option per initial registration statement to provide disclosures that are related to the contract's investment options. This reflects a change in our methodology regarding how to calculate burdens attributable to investment options.^[1167]

Post-effective amendments. As proposed, we estimate that the amendments will result in the following changes to the internal hours and external cost burdens:

• For disclosures that are not related to the contract's investment options, a one-time burden of 20 hours per registration statement the first time the registration statement is amended and an ongoing burden of an additional 5 hours per registration statement per year thereafter. Amortizing these burdens over a three-year period results in an estimated average annual burden of 10 hours per initial registration statement.^[1168]

• For disclosures related to the contract's investment options other than the AUV table requirement, a one-time burden of 6 hours per investment option the first time the registration statement is amended by post-effective amendment. Subsequently, we estimate an ongoing burden of 1.5 hours per investment option per post-effective amendment. Amortizing these burdens over a three-year period results in an estimated average annual burden of 3 hours per investment option to prepare and file a post-effective amendment.^[1169]

• For elimination of the AUV table requirement, we estimate a reduction in the annual hour burden of 5 hours per investment option per year. Adding this reduction to the burden increases discussed in the prior bullet point results in a net reduction of 2 hours per investment option per year for disclosures related to the contract's investment options.
• We estimate no change to the external cost burden due to the amendments.
• Unrelated to the amendments, we estimate an external cost burden of $10,259 per post-effective amendment to update disclosures not related to investment options, and an additional $3,420 per investment option per post-effective amendment to update disclosures that are related to the contract's investment options. This reflects a change in our methodology regarding how to calculate burdens attributable to investment options.^[1170]

In the aggregate, we estimate the total annual hour burden to comply with amended Form N-3 to be 2,836 hours,^[1171] at an average time cost of $762,884.^[1172] We also estimate the total external cost burden to comply with amended Form N-3 to be $123,114.^[1173] These estimates reflect the change in our methodology for estimating burdens attributable to investment options, the increase in estimated burdens associated with the amendments, the increase in the estimated average number of investment options per Form N-3 registration statement from two to three investment options, and current estimates for the number of post-effective amendments filed annually.

B. Form N-4

Form N-4 is the form used by separate accounts offering variable annuity contracts that are organized as unit investment trusts to register under the Investment Company Act and/or to register and offer their securities under the Securities Act. Form N-4 contains collection of information requirements. Compliance with the disclosure requirements of Form N-4 is mandatory. Responses to the disclosure requirements are not confidential.

Form N-4 generally imposes two types of reporting burdens on investment companies: (1) The burden of preparing and filing the initial registration statement; and (2) the burden of preparing and filing post effective amendments to a previously effective registration statement. The hour and cost burden estimates for preparing and filing initial registration statements and post-effective amendments on Form N-4 are based on the Commission's experience with the contents of the form. The number of burden hours and cost may vary depending on, among other things, the complexity of the filing and whether preparation of the form is performed by internal staff or outside counsel. We currently estimate for Form N-4 a total of 271,914 internal burden hours, with a total annual external cost burden of $32,111,916.^[1174]

We are adopting amendments to Form N-4 to update and enhance the disclosures to investors in variable annuity contracts, and to implement the new summary prospectus regime. We are amending certain disclosure requirements that Form N-4 currently requires. In addition, amended Form N-4 requires certain new disclosures regarding, among other things: The Key Information Table, an overview of the contract, principal risks, optional benefits, loans, and the Appendix of available portfolio companies. We are also reducing or eliminating certain disclosures currently required by the form, such as the AUV tables.

The table below summarizes the estimated adjustments to the Form N-4 collection of information from the proposed amendments,^[1175] the estimated adjustments to the Form N-4 collection of information from the final amendments, and the final PRA estimates for internal and external burdens associated with amended Form N-4:

Changes to Baseline Burden Estimates

We received one comment regarding our proposed estimates for internal burdens and external costs associated with the current burdens associated with preparing and filing a post-effective amendment.^[1176] The estimates that were submitted were in some respects higher, and in others lower, than our proposed estimates.^[1177] In light of the commenter's estimates, and because variable annuity contracts registered on Form N-4 today tend to offer greater numbers of portfolio companies and optional benefits than variable annuity contracts offered in the past, we believe that certain of our current estimates may be too low. Therefore, we are adjusting the baseline current estimates (before the effect of the amendments we are adopting) for certain burdens and costs associated with Form N-4,^[1178] as follows:

• We are increasing our estimate to prepare and file an initial registration statement from 278.5 hours to 800 hours per filing; ^[1179]

• We are increasing our estimate to prepare and file a post-effective amendment from 197.25 hours to 227.25 per filing; and
• We are increasing our estimate of the external cost to prepare and file an initial registration statement from $23,013 to $40,000 per filing.

Changes to Burden Estimates Resulting From Final Amendments

With one exception, we generally believe the modifications to the proposed amendments in the aggregate do not result in changes to our proposed estimates of the effect of the amendments on the current burdens. We believe, however, that registrants will experience a reduction in internal hourly burdens due to the elimination of the requirement to provide AUV tables and are reducing the estimated hourly burden to prepare and file a post-effective amendment by 30 hours (reducing the adjusted estimated hourly burden from 227.25 hours to 197.25 hours per filing).^[1180] Our revised estimates also reflect updated data for the number of Form N-4 initial registration statements and post-effective amendments filed annually, and revised internal wage rates,^[1181] as set forth in the table above.

Initial registration statements. As proposed, we estimate that the amendments will result in the following changes to the internal hours and external cost burdens:

• We estimate that, on a net basis, the amendments to Form N-4 will increase the burden of preparing and filing an initial registration statement by 5 hours per filing. Amortizing this burden over a three-year period results in an estimated average annual burden of 1.7 hours per initial registration statement.
• We estimate no change to the external cost burden for these amendments.

Post-effective amendments. As proposed, we estimate that the amendments will result in the following changes to the internal hours and external cost burdens:

• We estimate a one-time burden of an additional 20 hours per registration statement the first time the registration statement is amended by post-effective amendment following adoption of the amendments. Subsequently, we estimate an ongoing burden of an additional 5 hours per registration statement to prepare and file a post-effective amendment. Amortizing these burdens over a three-year period results in an estimated average annual burden of an additional 10 hours per registration statement to prepare and file a post-effective amendment.
• We estimate no change to the external cost burden for these amendments.

In the aggregate, we estimate the total annual hour burden to comply with amended Form N-4 to be 300,937 hours,^[1182] at an average time cost of $80,952,053.^[1183] We also estimate the total external cost burden to comply with amended Form N-4 to be $30,342,168.^[1184] These estimates reflect the increase in estimated burdens associated with the amendments, adjustments to certain per filing estimates, and current estimates for the number of filings on Form N-4.

C. Form N-6

Form N-6 is the form used by separate accounts organized as unit investment trusts that offer variable life insurance contracts to register under the Investment Company Act and/or to register and offer their securities under the Securities Act. Form N-6 contains collection of information requirements. Compliance with the disclosure requirements of Form N-6 is mandatory. Responses to the disclosure requirements are not confidential.

Form N-6 generally imposes two types of reporting burdens on investment companies: (1) The burden of preparing and filing the initial registration statement; and (2) the burden of preparing and filing post-effective amendments to a previously effective registration statement. The hour and cost burden estimates for preparing and filing initial registration statements and post-effective amendments on Form N-6 are based on the Commission's experience with the contents of the form. The number of burden hours and cost may vary depending on, among other things, the complexity of the filing and whether preparation of the form is performed by internal staff or outside counsel. We currently estimate for Form N-6 a total of 31,987 internal burden hours, with a total annual external cost burden of $3,816,692.^[1185]

We are adopting amendments to Form N-6 to update and enhance the disclosures to investors in variable life insurance contracts, and to implement the new summary prospectus regime. We are amending certain disclosures that Form N-6 currently requires. In addition, amended Form N-6 requires certain new disclosures regarding, among other things: The Key Information Table, an overview of the contract, principal risks, optional benefits, loans, lapse, and the Appendix of available portfolio companies. We are also reducing certain disclosures currently required by the form.

The table below summarizes the estimated adjustments to the Form N-6 collection of information from the proposed amendments,^[1186] the estimated adjustments to the Form N-6 collection of information from the final amendments, and the final PRA estimates for internal and external burdens associated with amended Form N-6:

Changes to Baseline Burden Estimates

We did not receive public comment on our PRA estimates for the amendments to Form N-6, which we are adopting largely as proposed. However, in light of the comment we received regarding estimated burdens associated with preparing and filing a post-effective amendment on Form N-4,^[1187] and because variable life insurance contracts registered on Form N-6 today tend to offer greater numbers of portfolio companies and optional benefits than variable life insurance contracts offered in the past, we believe that certain of our estimates may be too low. Therefore, we are adjusting the baseline current estimates (before the effect of the amendments we are adopting) for certain burdens and costs associated with Form N-6,^[1188] as follows:

• We are increasing our estimate to prepare and file a post-effective amendment from 67.5 hours to 150 hours per filing;^[1189]

• We are increasing our estimate of the external cost to prepare and file an initial registration statement from $26,169 to $40,000 per filing; ^[1190] and

• We are increasing our estimate of the external cost to prepare and file a post-effective amendment from $9,493 to $20,000 per filing.^[1191]

Changes to Burden Estimates Resulting From Final Amendments

We believe that the modifications to the proposed amendments in the aggregate do not result in changes to our proposed estimates of the effect of the amendments on the current burdens. Our revised estimates, however, reflect updated data for the number of Form N-6 initial registration statements and post-effective amendments filed annually, and revised internal wage rates,^[1192] as set forth in the table above.

Initial registration statements. As proposed, we estimate that the amendments will result in the following changes to the internal hours and external cost burdens:

• We estimate that, on a net basis, the amendments to Form N-6 will increase the burden of preparing and filing an initial registration statement by 4 hours per filing. Amortizing this burden over a three-year period results in an estimated average annual burden of 1 hour per initial registration statement.
• We estimate no change to the external cost burden for these amendments.

Post-effective amendments. As proposed, we estimate that the amendments will result in the following changes to the internal hours and external cost burdens:

• We estimate a one-time burden of an additional 15 hours per registration statement the first time the registration statement is amended by post-effective amendment following adoption of the amendments. Subsequently, we estimate an ongoing burden of an additional 4 hours per registration statement to prepare and file a post-effective amendment. Amortizing these burdens over a three-year period results in an estimated average annual burden of an additional 8 hours per registration statement to prepare and file a post-effective amendment.
• We estimate no change to the external cost burden for these amendments.

In the aggregate, we estimate the total annual hour burden to comply with amended Form N-6 to be 65,123 hours,^[1193] at an annual time cost of $17,518,087.^[1194] We also estimate the total external cost burden to comply with amended Form N-6 to be $7,840,000.^[1195] These estimates reflect the increase in estimated burdens associated with the amendments, adjustments to certain per filing estimates, and current estimates for the annual number of filings on Form N-6.

D. Investment Company Interactive Data

Generally as proposed,^[1196] we are amending the General Instructions of Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6, rules 485 and 497 under the Securities Act, and rules under Regulation S-T,^[1197] to require the use of Inline XBRL format for the submission of certain required disclosures in variable contract statutory prospectuses. Specifically, registrants will submit the following information in Inline XBRL format in registration statements or post-effective amendments regarding contracts being sold to new investors, as well as in forms of prospectuses filed pursuant to rule 497(c) or 497(e) under the Securities Act for such contracts that include information that varies from the registration statement:

• Form N-3 registrants: information provided in response to Items 2, 4, 5, 11, 18, and 19 of Form N-3;
• Form N-4 registrants: information provided in response to Items 2, 4, 5, 10 and 17 of Form N-4; and
• Form N-6 registrants: information provided in response to Items 2, 4, 5, 10, 11 and 18 of Form N-6.

The title of the collection of information affected by these amendments is “Mutual Fund Interactive Data,” which we are re-titling as “Investment Company Interactive Data.” Compliance with these disclosure requirements is mandatory, and responses are not confidential.

The amendments generally impose two types of reporting burdens on variable contracts being sold to new investors: (1) The burden of submitting certain information in Inline XBRL to the Commission in registration statements or post-effective amendments filed on Form N-3, Form N-4, and Form N-6; and (2) the burden of submitting certain information in Inline XBRL to the Commission in forms of prospectuses filed pursuant to rule 497(c) or 497(e) under the Securities Act that include information that varies from the registration statement. We currently estimate a total annual hour burden of 178,803 hours for this collection of information, and a total annual external cost burden of $10,000,647.^[1198]

The tables below summarize the proposed estimates included in the Proposing Release ^[1199] and the final PRA estimates for internal and external burdens associated with the structured data requirements for Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6.

We did not receive public comment on our proposed PRA estimates for the burdens and costs associated with requiring variable contract registrants to use Inline XBRL to tag certain information in the specified variable contract filings. We continue to estimate the same burdens and costs associated with structured data requirements as proposed.^[1200] As reflected in the table above, we are revising our estimates to reflect current figures for the number of registration statements and rule 497 filings annually filed on Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6, and updated internal wage rates.^[1201]

Internal Hour Burden

We estimate, as proposed, that registrants that file on Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 will require approximately 18 burden hours of in-house personnel time to tag and submit the required disclosure information in Inline XBRL format for each post-effective amendment ^[1202] in the first year, and the same task in subsequent years will require approximately 12 hours for each post-effective amendment.^[1203] With respect to Form N-3 registrants, we estimate an additional burden of 2 hours per investment option to tag and submit the required disclosure information for each post-effective amendment. Therefore, we estimate the average annual burden over a three-year period for each post-effective amendment filed on Form N-3 will be 20 hours,^[1204] and for those filed on Forms N-4 and N-6, 14 hours.^[1205] We further estimate that the burden for each rule 497 filing will be 25% of that, or 3.5 hours per response.^[1206]

We also estimate, as proposed, a weighted burden average of approximately 3 responses per year per registrant to file initial and post-effective registration statements and rule 497 filings, based on weighting the burden for each rule 497 filing as 25% of the burden of a post-effective amendment filing, averaging the burden for each form equally, and estimating (based on a survey by Commission staff of filings made pursuant to rule 497) that 75% of rule 497 filings by registrants on each form will contain data that would be required to be submitting in Inline XBRL format.^[1207]

As reflected in the table above, we estimate that in the aggregate, adoption of the Inline XBRL requirements will result in 360 burden hours annually for Form N-3 registrants, with a collective internal cost burden of $125,280, to tag and submit the required Form N-3 disclosure information in Inline XBRL.^[1208] We estimate 17,892 burden hours annually for Form N-4 registrants (with an internal cost burden of $6,226,416),^[1209] and 10,248 burden hours annually for Form N-6 registrants (with an internal cost burden of $3,566,304) to tag and submit the required disclosures in Inline XBRL.^[1210]

External Cost Burden

Compliance with the Inline XBRL requirements is expected to entail certain external costs, such as for software and/or the services of consultants and filing agents. For Form N-4 and Form N-6 registrants, we estimate, as proposed, an external cost burden of $900 per registrant for the cost of goods and services purchased to comply with the proposed Inline XBRL requirements.^[1211] For Form N-3 registrants, we estimate, as proposed, an additional cost of $300 per investment option for the cost of goods and services purchased to comply with the Inline XBRL requirements for an estimated external cost burden of $1,800 per registrant.^[1212]

Aggregate Burdens for Form N-3, N-4, and N-6 Registrants

We estimate that the new Inline XBRL requirements for Form N-3, N-4, and N-6 registrants will result in 28,500 internal burden hours annually,^[1213] with a collective internal time cost of approximately $9,918,000.^[1214] We therefore estimate the aggregate total hour burden for the collection of information to be 207,303 hours as a result of the amendments.^[1215] We estimate the aggregate external cost burden under the new Inline XBRL requirements for Form N-3, N-4, and N-6 registrants to be approximately $613,800.^[1216] We therefore estimate the aggregate total external cost burden for the collection of information will be $10,614,447 as a result of the final amendments.^[1217] These estimates include the additional internal burdens and external costs associated with the final amendments that will require variable contracts to use Inline XBRL to tag certain specified disclosures in their registration statements and rule 497 filings.

E. Rule 498A

New rule 498A contains collection of information requirements. The likely respondents to this information collection are variable annuity and variable life insurance separate accounts registered or registering with the Commission.^[1218] Under rule 498A, use of the summary prospectus is voluntary, but the rule's requirements are mandatory for variable annuity and variable life insurance separate accounts that elect to send or give a summary prospectus in reliance upon rule 498A. The information provided under rule 498A will not be kept confidential.

The summary prospectus is voluntary, so the percentage of variable annuity and variable life insurance separate accounts that will choose to utilize it is uncertain. Given this uncertainty, we have assumed that 90% of registrants will choose to use a summary prospectus under rule 498A.^[1219]

The table below summarizes the proposed estimates included in the Proposing Release ^[1220] and the final PRA estimates for internal and external burdens associated with rule 498A for Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6:

The only public comment we received regarding our PRA estimates for proposed rule 498A discussed estimated external costs associated with printing and mailing initial and summary prospectuses pursuant to the proposed rule.^[1223] As discussed below, in response to this comment, we are adjusting our estimates for external costs. In all other respects, we generally believe the modifications to the proposed rule in the aggregate do not result in changes to our proposed estimates of the burdens associated with the rule unrelated to printing and mailing the summary prospectuses. Therefore, we are not otherwise adjusting our proposed estimates, except to reflect estimates for printing and mailing costs, and revised estimates for the number of variable contract registrants and internal wage rates.

Preparation of Initial Summary Prospectus and Updating Summary Prospectus

Internal Hour Burden

We did not receive any comments on our proposed estimates associated with the internal burdens to prepare and file initial and updating summary prospectuses. We continue to estimate that for registrants that choose to rely upon rule 498A, a one-time collective burden of 40 hours per registration statement to prepare and file both a new initial summary prospectus and a new updating summary prospectus for offerings on Forms N-4 or N-6.^[1224] In addition, we estimate an ongoing collective burden of 10 hours per registration statement during each subsequent year for the registrant to prepare and file updates of the initial summary prospectus and updating summary prospectus for offerings on Forms N-4 or N-6. For offerings on Form N-3, we estimate a one-time collective burden of 40 hours per registration statement to prepare and file both a new initial summary prospectus and a new updating summary prospectus, plus a further burden of 12 hours per contract investment option. Subsequently, we estimate an ongoing collective burden of 10 hours per registration statement that would be incurred each following year to prepare and file updates of summary prospectuses, plus a further burden of 3 hours per investment option. As previously discussed, we estimate that each registration statement filed on Form N-3 will include three investment options.

Because the PRA estimates represent the average burden over a three year period, we estimate, as proposed, the average annual hour burden per registration statement to prepare and file initial and updating summary prospectuses to be 20 hours for filings on Form N-4 or N-6,^[1225] and 38 hours for filings on Form N-3.^[1226]

External Cost Burden

Registrants may also bear external costs to prepare and update the initial and updating summary prospectuses, such as the services of independent auditors and outside counsel. However, any external costs, such as for outside counsel and auditors, that may be associated with preparing and updating the initial summary prospectus as an exhibit to a registration statement will be reflected in the external costs associated with those registration statements.

For registrants that choose to rely upon rule 498A, we continue to estimate a one-time collective external cost burden of $10,000 per registration statement to prepare both a new initial summary prospectus and a new updating summary prospectus for offerings on Forms N-4 or N-6. In addition, we estimate an ongoing collective burden of $2,500 per registration statement during each subsequent year for the registrant to prepare updates of the initial summary prospectus and updating summary prospectus for offerings on Forms N-4 or N-6. For offerings on Form N-3, we estimate a one-time collective burden of $10,000 per registration statement to prepare and file both a new initial summary prospectus and a new updating summary prospectus, plus a further burden of $3,000 per contract investment option. Subsequently, we estimate an ongoing collective burden of $2,500 per registration statement during each following year to prepare and file updates of summary prospectuses, plus a further burden of $750 per investment option. As discussed above, we estimate that each registration statement filed on Form N-3 will include three investment options.

Because the PRA estimates represent the average burden over a three-year period, we estimate that the average annual cost burden to prepare and file initial and updating summary prospectuses will be $5,000 per filing on Forms N-4 and N-6.^[1227] For Form N-3, we estimate the average annual cost burden per registration statement to prepare and update initial and updating summary prospectuses will be $9,500.^[1228]

Aggregate Burdens for Preparing and Filing Summary Prospectuses

As discussed above, in light of our consideration of a comment received on our printing and mailing estimates, we have revised our estimate of related external costs which was $3,469,875 in the proposal. We now estimate the aggregate annual hour burden to prepare and file initial and updating summary prospectuses for offerings on Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 will be 12,265 hours,^[1229] at an internal cost equivalent of $3,299,285.^[1230] We also estimate the aggregate annual external costs associated with preparing and filing summary prospectuses to be $3,066,300.^[1231]

Online Availability of Contract Statutory Prospectus and Certain Other Documents Relating to the Contract

Registrants that choose to rely on rule 498A are required to make certain documents relating to the contract available online, including a variable contract's initial summary prospectus, updating summary prospectus, statutory prospectus, and SAI for contracts registered on Forms N-3, N-4, or N-6, and the contract's most recent annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders under rule 30e-1 in the case of a variable annuity contract registered under Form N-3. We received no comments on this aspect of the proposal, and continue to estimate, as proposed, the average burden to comply with the website posting requirements to be 2 hours per set of documents associated with a single registration statement, both in the first year and annually thereafter.^[1232] Registrants must also provide these documents upon request. We estimate, as proposed, that the average annual costs associated with printing and mailing these documents upon request to be collectively $500 for all specified contract documents associated with a single registrant.^[1233]

In total, we estimate the annual burden to comply with the website posting requirements of the rule for documents relating to variable contracts will be 1,217 hours,^[1234] at an internal cost equivalent of $301,816.^[1235] We also estimate the aggregate annual external costs associated with printing and mailing these documents upon request to be $304,200.^[1236]

Online Availability of Portfolio Company Statutory Prospectuses and Certain Other Documents Relating to Portfolio Companies

Registrants on Forms N-4 and N-6 that choose to rely on the new delivery option for portfolio company prospectuses are also required to post online the portfolio company's summary prospectus, statutory prospectus, SAI, and most recent annual and semi-annual shareholder reports.^[1237] We received no comments on this aspect of the proposal. Accordingly, we estimate, as proposed, the average burden to comply with the website posting requirements to be 2 hours per set of documents associated with a single registration statement, both in the first year and annually thereafter. Because registrants may incur external costs in connection with the requirement to provide these documents upon investor request, we estimate, as proposed, the average annual costs associated with printing and mailing these documents upon request to be collectively $500 for all specified portfolio company documents associated with a single registrant.^[1238]

In total, we estimate the annual burden to comply with the website posting requirements of the rule for documents relating to portfolio companies will be 1,206 hours,^[1239] at an internal cost equivalent of $299,088.^[1240] We estimate that the aggregate annual external costs associated with printing and mailing these documents upon request will be $301,500.^[1241]

Printing and Mailing Summary Prospectuses

In the Proposing Release, the Commission did not estimate any costs associated with printing and mailing the initial and updating summary prospectuses. In response to the Commission's general request for comments on our PRA estimates, one commenter provided an estimate of $8 million for total costs to print and mail initial and updating summary prospectuses annually.^[1242] We received no other comments in this regard. Based on the commenter's methodology (updated to reflect new estimates for new and existing contracts, which the commenter used as the basis for estimating the number of summary prospectuses delivered each year), we estimate the external cost for registrants to print and mail the summary prospectuses to be $10,038,200 annually.^[1243]

Aggregate Total Burdens Associated With Rule 498A

We estimate the aggregate total annual hour burden for registrants under rule 498A to be 14,688 hours,^[1244] at an internal time cost equivalent of $3,900,189 ^[1245] which reflects a decrease from the proposed estimates due to revised estimates for the number of variable contract registrants and revised estimates of the percentage of insurers that will choose to use summary prospectuses. We also estimate the total external cost to be $12,706,380, which reflects an increase over the proposed estimate due to the inclusion of costs associated with the printing and mailing of summary prospectuses.^[1246]

VI. Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification

Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 605(b), we hereby certify that rule 498A under the Securities Act and amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, N-6, and N-14 under the Securities Act and the Investment Company Act, as adopted, will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.^[1247]

We are adopting rule 498A under the Securities Act pursuant to authority set forth in Sections 5, 6, 7, 10, 19, and 28 of the Securities Act [15 U.S.C. 77e, 77f, 77g, 77j, 77s, and 77z-3] and Sections 8, 24(a), 24(g), 30, and 38 of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-8, 80a-24(a), 80a-24(g), 80a-29, and 80a-37]. Rule 498A provides a new option that permits a person to satisfy its variable annuity and variable life insurance contract prospectus delivery obligations under the Securities Act by providing a summary prospectus to investors.

A person will have the option of satisfying its prospectus delivery obligations for variable contracts under Section 5(b)(2) of the Securities Act by: (1) Sending or giving to new investors key information contained in a variable contract statutory prospectus in the form of an initial summary prospectus; (2) sending or giving to existing investors each year a brief description of certain changes to the contract, and a subset of the information in the initial summary prospectus, in the form of an updating summary prospectus; and (3) providing the statutory prospectus and other materials online. Rule 498A requires a registrant (or the financial intermediary distributing the variable contact) to send the variable contract statutory prospectus and other materials to the investor in paper or by email upon request. Additionally, the rule permits satisfaction of any portfolio company prospectus delivery obligations by posting the portfolio company summary and statutory prospectuses online at the website address specified on the variable contract summary prospectus.^[1248]

Investors will also be able to request and receive those documents in paper or electronically at no cost. No variable contract separate accounts will be required to send or give a summary prospectus.

We are also adopting amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, N-6, and N-14 pursuant to authority set forth in Sections 5, 6, 7, 10, and 19(a) of the Securities Act [15 U.S.C. 77e, 77f, 77g, 77j, and 77s(a)] and Sections 8, 24(a), 24(g), 30, and 38 of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-8, 80a-24(a), 80a-24(g), 80a-29, and 80a-37]. The amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 are intended to update and enhance the disclosures to investors in variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts, and to implement the proposed summary prospectus framework.

Specifically, the amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, and N-6 add new disclosures requiring, among other things, an overview of the contract, key information, consolidated risk disclosures, a list of the available portfolio companies with expense and performance information, and information about standard and optional benefits that a contract may offer. The amendments also standardize presentation requirements across registration statement forms to make the information more accessible to retail investors. We are also requiring variable contracts to use the Inline XBRL format for the submission of certain required disclosures in the variable contract statutory prospectus.^[1249] All insurance company separate accounts offering variable annuity and variable life insurance contracts will be subject to the new disclosure and reporting requirements, regardless of size. In addition, the amendments to Form N-14 provide that a portfolio company prospectus whose delivery obligations were satisfied via new rule 498A(j) may be incorporated by reference into a filing on Form N-14 without being sent to investors, so long as that portfolio company was listed in the variable contract summary prospectus Appendix at the time the disclosures required by Form N-14 were delivered to investors.^[1250]

Generally, an investment company is a small entity if, together with other investment companies in the same group of related investment companies, it has net assets of $50 million or less as of the end of its most recent fiscal year.^[1251] The analysis is slightly different for insurance company separate accounts. Because state law generally treats separate account assets as the property of the sponsoring insurance company, rule 0-10 aggregates each separate account's assets with the assets of the sponsoring insurance company, together with assets held in other sponsored separate accounts.^[1252] As a result, the Commission expects few, if any, separate accounts to be treated as small entities.

For this reason, we believe rule 498A and the amendments to Forms N-3, N-4, N-6, and N-14, as adopted, will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

VII. Statutory Authority

We are adopting the rule and form amendments contained in this document under the authority set forth in the Securities Act, particularly, Sections 10, 19, and 28 thereof [15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.], the Exchange Act, particularly, Section 23 thereof [15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.], the Investment Company Act, particularly, Sections 8, 30, and 38 thereof [15 U.S.C. 80a et seq.], and 44 U.S.C. 3506, 3507.

List of Subjects

17 CFR Part 200

• Administrative practice and procedure
• Organization and functions (Government agencies)

17 CFR Parts 230, 270, and 274

• Investment companies
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
• Securities

17 CFR Part 232

• Administrative practice and procedure
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
• Securities

17 CFR Parts 239 and 240

• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
• Securities

Text of Rule and Form Amendments

For reasons set forth in the preamble, title 17, chapter II of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows:

PART 200—ORGANIZATION; CONDUCT AND ETHICS; AND INFORMATION AND REQUESTS

Subpart N—Commission Information Collection Requirements Under the Paperwork Reduction Act: OMB Control Numbers

1. The authority citation for subpart N of part 200 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 44 U.S.C. 3506; 44 U.S.C. 3507.

2. Amend § 200.800 in the table in paragraph (b) by adding an entry in numerical order by part and section number for “Rule 498A” to read as follows:

PART 230—GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

3. The authority citation for part 230 continues to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77b, 77b note, 77c, 77d, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77r, 77s, 77z-3, 77sss, 78c, 78d, 78j, 78 l, 78m, 78n, 78 o, 78 o-7 note, 78t, 78w, 78 ll (d), 78mm, 80a-8, 80a-24, 80a-28, 80a-29, 80a-30, and 80a-37, and Public Law 112-106, sec. 201(a), sec. 401, 126 Stat. 313 (2012), unless otherwise noted.

Sections 230.400 to 230.499 issued under secs. 6, 8, 10, 19, 48 Stat. 78, 79, 81, and 85, as amended (15 U.S.C. 77f, 77h, 77j, 77s).

4. Amend § 230.159A by revising paragraph (a)(2) to read as follows:

5. Amend § 230.431 by revising the introductory text to paragraph (a) to read as follows:

6. Amend § 230.482 by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:

7. Amend § 230.485 by revising paragraph (c)(3) to read as follows:

8. Revise § 230.496 to read as follows:

9. Amend § 230.497 by revising paragraphs (c), (e), and (k) and removing the parenthetical authority at the end of the section to read as follows:

10. Amend § 230.498 by revising paragraph (c)(2) to read as follows:

11. Add § 230.498A to read as follows:

12. Effective January 1, 2022, § 230.498A is further amended by:

a. Removing paragraphs (b)(2)(v)(E) and (F); and

b. Removing and reserving paragraph (c)(3)(v)(B).

PART 232—REGULATION S-T—GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR ELECTRONIC FILINGS

13. The authority citation for part 232 continues to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s(a), 77z-3, 77sss(a), 78c(b), 78 l, 78m, 78n, 78 o (d), 78w(a), 78 ll, 80a-6(c), 80a-8, 80a-29, 80a-30, 80a-37, 7201 et seq., and 18 U.S.C. 1350, unless otherwise noted.

14. Amend § 232.11 by revising the definition of “Related Official Filing” to read as follows:

15. Amend § 232.405 by:

a. Revising the introductory text and paragraphs (a)(2), (a)(3)(i) introductory text, (a)(3)(ii), and (a)(4);

b. Adding a heading for paragraph (b);

c. Revising paragraphs (b)(1) introductory text and (b)(2); and

d. Redesignating the Note to § 232.405 as Note 2 to § 232.405 and revising the newly redesignated note.

The revisions and addition read as follows:

PART 239—FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

16. The authority citation for part 239 continues to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 77sss, 78c, 78 l, 78m,78n, 78 o (d), 78 o-7 note, 78u-5, 78w(a), 78 ll, 78mm, 80a-2(a), 80a-3, 80a-8, 80a-9, 80a-10, 80a-13, 80a-24, 80a-26, 80a-29, 80a-30, and 80a-37; and sec. 107, Pub. L. 112-106, 126 Stat. 312, unless otherwise noted.

17. Remove and reserve § 239.15.

18. Amend Form N-14 (referenced in § 239.23) by:

a. In General Instruction G, revising the second sentence;

b. In Item 3, replacing the phrase “Items 2, 4(a) through (c), and 5 through 14 of Form N-3” with “Items 2 through 3, 5 through 16, and 18 of Form N-3”;

c. In Item 12(a), replacing the phrase “Items 15 through 23 of Form N-3” with “Items 20 through 26 of Form N-3”; and

d. In Item 13(a), replacing the phrase “Items 15 through 23 of Form N-3” with “Items 20 through 26 of Form N-3”.

The revisions to General Instruction G read as follows:

Note:

The text of Form N-14 does not, and this amendment will not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

PART 240—GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

19. The general authority citation for part 240 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77d, 77g, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 77eee, 77ggg, 77nnn, 77sss, 77ttt, 78c, 78c-3, 78c-5, 78d, 78e, 78f, 78g, 78i, 78j, 78j-1, 78k, 78k-1, 78 l, 78m, 78n, 78n-1, 78 o, 78 o-4, 78 o-10, 78p, 78q, 78q-1, 78s, 78u-5, 78w, 78x, 78 ll, 78mm, 80a-20, 80a-23, 80a-29, 80a-37, 80b-3, 80b-4, 80b-11, and 7201 et seq.; and 8302; 7 U.S.C. 2(c)(2)(E); 12 U.S.C. 5221(e)(3); 18 U.S.C. 1350; Public Law 111-203, 939A, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010); and Pub. L. 112-106, secs. 503 and 602, 126 Stat. 326 (2012), unless otherwise noted.

20. Amend § 240.14a-16 by revising paragraph (f)(2)(iii) to read as follows:

21. Amend § 240.14a-101 by removing the phrase “Item 3 of Form N-3” and adding in its place “Item 4 of Form N-3” in paragraph (a)(3)(iv) of Item 22.

PART 270—RULES AND REGULATIONS, INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

22. The authority citation for part 270 is amended by removing the sectional authority for § 270.6e-3(T) and adding a sectional authority for § 270.6e-3 in numerical order to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq., 80a-34(d), 80a-37, 80a-39, and Pub. L. 111-203, sec. 939A, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010), unless otherwise noted.

Section 270.6e-3 is also issued under 15 U.S.C. 80a-5(e).

23. Amend § 270.0-1 by revising paragraph (e) introductory text and paragraph (e)(2) to read as follows:

24. Amend § 270.6c-7 by revising the introductory text and removing the parenthetical authority at the end of the section to read as follows:

25. Amend § 270.6c-8 by revising paragraphs (b) and (c) and removing the parenthetical authority at the end of the section to read as follows:

26. Revise § 270.6e-2 to read as follows:

27. Redesignate § 270.6e-3(T) as § 270.6e-3 and revise newly redesignated § 270.6e-3 to read as follows:

28. Amend § 270.8b-1 by removing “270.8b-32” everywhere it appears and adding “270.8b-31” in its place.

29. Amend § 270.11a-2 by revising paragraphs (c) and (d) and removing the parenthetical authority at the end of the section to read as follows:

30. Revise § 270.14a-2 to read as follows:

31. Revise § 270.26a-1 to read as follows:

32. Remove § 270.26a-2.

33. Remove § 270.27a-1.

34. Remove § 270.27a-2.

35. Remove § 270.27a-3.

36. Remove and reserve § 270.27c-1.

37. Remove and reserve § 270.27d-2.

38. Remove and reserve § 270.27e-1.

39. Remove and reserve § 270.27f-1.

40. Remove and reserve § 270.27g-1.

41. Remove and reserve § 270.27h-1.

42. Add § 270.27i-1 to read as follows:

PART 274—FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

43. The general authority citation for part 274 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 78c(b), 78 l, 78m, 78n, 78o(d), 80a-8, 80a-24, 80a-26, 80a-29, and Pub. L. 111-203, sec. 939A, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010), unless otherwise noted.

44. Remove and reserve § 274.11.

45. Revise Form N-3 (referenced in §§ 239.17a and 274.11b) to read as follows:

Note:

The text of Form N-3 will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

46. Effective January 1, 2022, Form N-3 (referenced in §§ 239.17a and 274.11b) is further amended by:

a. In Item 1, removing paragraph (a)(11); and

b. In Item 31(a), removing Instruction 4(f).

47. Revise Form N-4 (referenced in §§ 239.17b and 274.11c) to read as follows:

Note:

The text of Form N-4 will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

50. Effective January 1, 2022, Form N-6 (referenced in §§ 239.17c and 274.11d) is amended by removing paragraph (a)(9) of Item 1.

51. Remove § 274.127e-1.

52. Remove § 274.127f-1.

53. Remove § 274.302.

54. Remove § 274.303.

Footnotes