5 USC § 5332 The General Schedule | United States Code | US Law

5 USC § 5332

The General Schedule

through Pub. L. 116-216 (December 11, 2020)

USC

(a)

(1) The General Schedule, the symbol for which is "GS", is the basic pay schedule for positions to which this subchapter applies. Each employee to whom this subchapter applies is entitled to basic pay in accordance with the General Schedule.

(2) The General Schedule is a schedule of annual rates of basic pay, consisting of 15 grades, designated "GS–1" through "GS–15", consecutively, with 10 rates of pay for each such grade. The rates of pay of the General Schedule are adjusted in accordance with section 5303.

(b) When payment is made on the basis of an hourly, daily, weekly, or biweekly rate, the rate is computed from the appropriate annual rate of basic pay named by subsection (a) of this section in accordance with the rules prescribed by section 5504(b) of this title.

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Historical and Revision Notes1966 Act
Derivation	U.S. Code	Revised Statutes and Statutes at Large
(a)	5 U.S.C. 1113 (less (c)).	Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, §603 (less (d)), 63 Stat. 965.
		Oct. 24, 1951, ch. 554, §1(a), 65 Stat. 612.
		Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1208, §109 (less (c)), 68 Stat. 1108.
		June 28, 1955, ch. 189, §2(a), 69 Stat. 172.
		June 20, 1958, Pub. L. 85–462, §2(a), 72 Stat. 203.
		July 1, 1960, Pub. L. 86–568, §112(a), 74 Stat. 298.
		Oct. 11, 1962, Pub. L. 87–793, §602(a), 76 Stat. 843.
		Aug. 14, 1964, Pub. L. 88–426, §102(a), 78 Stat. 400.
(b)	5 U.S.C. 1113(c).	Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, §603 (d), 63 Stat. 965.
		Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1208, §109(c), 68 Stat. 1108.

In subsection (a), the words "the symbol for which is 'GS' " are added on authority of former section 1111 which is carried into section 5104. So much as related to the Crafts, Protective, and Custodial Schedule is omitted as repealed effective not later than Sept. 11, 1955, by the Act of Sept. 1, 1954, §§109(b), 110(b), 68 Stat. 1108.

In subsection (b), reference to payment made on the basis of a "monthly" rate is omitted since section 5504(b), former section 944(c), no longer provides for converting a basic annual rate to a basic monthly rate.

Standard changes are made to conform with the definitions applicable and the style of this title as outlined in the preface to the report.

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1967 Act
Section of title 5	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
5332(a)	5 App.: 1113(b).	Oct. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89–301, §2(a), 79 Stat. 1111. July 18, 1966, Pub. L. 89–504, §102(a), 80 Stat. 288.

Amendments

1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–89 struck out ", except an employee covered by the performance management and recognition system established under chapter 54," after "whom this subchapter applies".

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–378 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "The General Schedule, the symbol for which is 'GS', is the basic pay schedule for positions to which this subchapter applies. Each employee to whom this subchapter applies, except an employee covered by the performance management and recognition system established under chapter 54 of this title, is entitled to basic pay in accordance with the General Schedule."

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–615 substituted "the performance management and recognition system established under chapter 54" for "the merit pay system established under section 5402".

1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–454 inserted in second sentence reference to an employee covered by the merit pay system established under section 5402 of this title.

1967—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–206 increased the compensation in each step of each grade.

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–89 effective Nov. 1, 1993, see section 3(c) of Pub. L. 103–89, set out as a note under section 3372 of this title.

Effective Date of 1992 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 102–378 effective May 4, 1991, see section 9(b)(4) of Pub. L. 102–378, set out as a note under section 6303 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–615, title II, §205, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3217, provided that amendment by Pub. L. 98–615 was effective Oct. 1, 1984, and applicable with respect to pay periods commencing on or after that date, with certain exceptions and qualifications.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–454, title V, §504(a), Oct. 13, 1978, 92 Stat. 1184, provided that amendment by Pub. L. 95–454 was effective on first day of first applicable pay period which began on or after Oct. 1, 1981, except it could take effect with respect to any category or categories of positions before such day to extent prescribed by Director of Office of Personnel Management.

Effective Date of 1967 Amendment

Pub. L. 90–206, title II, §220(a)(2), Dec. 16, 1967, 81 Stat. 639, provided, except as otherwise expressly provided, that: "Sections 202 [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section], 203 [amending section 3301 of Title 39, The Postal Service], 204 [enacting section 3512A of Title 39, amending sections 3512, and 3513–3531 of Title 39, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3512A of Title 39], 205 [amending sections 3542–3544 of Title 39, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3542, 3544, 3552, and 3560 of Title 39], 206 [amending sections 3560, 3573, and 3575 of Title 39, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3542 of Title 39], 208 [amending former section 4107 of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits], 209 [amending sections 867 and 870 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 867 of Title 22], 210 [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 590h of Title 16, Conservation], 211 [enacting provisions set out as a note under this section and section 548 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure], 213 (except subsections (d) and (e)) [enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 603, 604, and 753 of Title 28], 214 (except subsections (j), (k), (l), (n), and (o)) [enacting sections 60e–14, 61–2, 293c, and 4302 of Title 2, The Congress, amending section 1847 of Title 2, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 8339 of this title], and 216 [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 60e–14 of Title 2] shall become effective as of the beginning of the first pay period which began on or after October 1, 1967."

Short Title

Pub. L. 90–206, §1, Dec. 16, 1967, 81 Stat. 613, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Postal Revenue and Federal Salary Act of 1967'."

Pub. L. 90–206, title II, §201, Dec. 16, 1967, 81 Stat. 624, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Federal Salary Act of 1967'."

Adjustment of Pay Rates Effective October 1, 1972

Pub. L. 93–549, Dec. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1743, provided that no officer or employee of the United States shall have his or her pay reduced by reason of Ex. Ord. No. 11777, Apr. 12, 1974.

1970 Increase in Pay Rates

Pub. L. 91–231, Apr. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 195, known as the Federal Employees Salary Act of 1970, and effective on the first day of the first pay period beginning on or after Dec. 27, 1969, provided for an increase in the rates of basic pay, basic compensation, and salaries contained in the General Schedule, the Postal Field Service Schedule and Rural Carrier Schedule, the schedule relating to certain positions within the Department of Medicine and Surgery of the Veterans' Administration, and the Foreign Service schedules, and also for employees of Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation County Committees, for certain employees of the Legislative and Judicial Branches, for United States Attorneys, and for other employees of the United States Government and the government of the District of Columbia whose rates of pay were fixed by administrative action and not otherwise increased.

Initial Adjustment of 1967 Pay Increases

Pub. L. 90–206, title II, §§202(b), 220(a)(2), Dec. 16, 1967, 81 Stat. 625, 639, effective as of the beginning of the first pay period which began on or after Oct. 1, 1967, made various initial adjustments to the rates of basic pay of officers and employees referred to in the General Schedule set forth in the amendment to this section made by section 202(a) of Pub. L. 90–206.

1967 Salary Increase for Persons Whose Compensation Rates are Fixed by Administrative Action

Pub. L. 90–206, title II, §§211(b)–(d), 220(a)(2), Dec. 16, 1967, 81 Stat. 633, 639, effective as of the beginning of the first pay period which began on or after Oct. 1, 1967, authorized the increase of the rates of pay of certain officers and employees of the Federal Government and of the municipal government of the District of Columbia by amounts not to exceed the increases provided by title II of Pub. L. 90–206 for corresponding rates of pay in the appropriate schedule or scale of pay.

Retroactive Compensation Under 1967 Pay Increases

Pub. L. 90–206, title II, §218, Dec. 16, 1967, 81 Stat. 638, provided for retroactive pay under title II of Pub. L. 90–206 only in the case of an individual in the service of the United States, including service in the Armed Forces, or the municipal government of the District of Columbia on Dec. 16, 1967, subject to certain restrictions.

Ex. Ord. No. 13901. Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay

Ex. Ord. No. 13901, Dec. 26, 2019, 84 F.R. 72213, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Section 1. Statutory Pay Systems. The rates of basic pay or salaries of the statutory pay systems (as defined in 5 U.S.C. 5302(1)), as adjusted under 5 U.S.C. 5303 and section 748 of division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 [Pub. L. 116–93, 5 U.S.C. 5303 note], are set forth on the schedules attached hereto and made a part hereof:

(a) The General Schedule (5 U.S.C. 5332(a)) at Schedule 1;

(b) The Foreign Service Schedule (22 U.S.C. 3963) at Schedule 2; and

(c) The schedules for the Veterans Health Administration of the Department of Veterans Affairs (38 U.S.C. 7306, 7404; section 301(a) of Public Law 102–40) at Schedule 3.

Sec. 2. Senior Executive Service. The ranges of rates of basic pay for senior executives in the Senior Executive Service, as established pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 5382, are set forth on Schedule 4 attached hereto and made a part hereof.

Sec. 3. Certain Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries. The rates of basic pay or salaries for the following offices and positions are set forth on the schedules attached hereto and made a part hereof:

(a) The Executive Schedule (5 U.S.C. 5312–5318) at Schedule 5;

(b) The Vice President (3 U.S.C. 104) and the Congress (2 U.S.C. 4501) at Schedule 6; and

Sec. 4. Uniformed Services. The rates of monthly basic pay (37 U.S.C. 203(a)) for members of the uniformed services, as adjusted under 37 U.S.C. 1009, and the rate of monthly cadet or midshipman pay (37 U.S.C. 203(c)) are set forth on Schedule 8 attached hereto and made a part hereof.

Sec. 5. Locality-Based Comparability Payments.

(a) Pursuant to sections 5304 and 5304a of title 5, United States Code, and section 748 of division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, locality-based comparability payments shall be paid in accordance with Schedule 9 attached hereto and made a part hereof.

(b) The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall take such actions as may be necessary to implement these payments and to publish appropriate notice of such payments in the Federal Register.

Sec. 6. Administrative Law Judges. Pursuant to section 5372 of title 5, United States Code, the rates of basic pay for administrative law judges are set forth on Schedule 10 attached hereto and made a part hereof.

Sec. 7. Effective Dates. Schedule 8 is effective January 1, 2020. The other schedules contained herein are effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020.

Sec. 8. Prior Order Superseded. Executive Order 13866 of March 28, 2019, is superseded as of the effective dates specified in section 7 of this order.

Donald J. Trump.

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Schedule 1General Schedule(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
GS–1	$19,543	$20,198	$20,848	$21,494	$22,144	$22,524	$23,166	$23,814	$23,840	$24,448
GS–2	21,974	22,497	23,225	23,840	24,108	24,817	25,526	26,235	26,944	27,653
GS–3	23,976	24,775	25,574	26,373	27,172	27,971	28,770	29,569	30,368	31,167
GS–4	26,915	27,812	28,709	29,606	30,503	31,400	32,297	33,194	34,091	34,988
GS–5	30,113	31,117	32,121	33,125	34,129	35,133	36,137	37,141	38,145	39,149
GS–6	33,567	34,686	35,805	36,924	38,043	39,162	40,281	41,400	42,519	43,638
GS–7	37,301	38,544	39,787	41,030	42,273	43,516	44,759	46,002	47,245	48,488
GS–8	41,310	42,687	44,064	45,441	46,818	48,195	49,572	50,949	52,326	53,703
GS–9	45,627	47,148	48,669	50,190	51,711	53,232	54,753	56,274	57,795	59,316
GS–10	50,246	51,921	53,596	55,271	56,946	58,621	60,296	61,971	63,646	65,321
GS–11	55,204	57,044	58,884	60,724	62,564	64,404	66,244	68,084	69,924	71,764
GS–12	66,167	68,373	70,579	72,785	74,991	77,197	79,403	81,609	83,815	86,021
GS–13	78,681	81,304	83,927	86,550	89,173	91,796	94,419	97,042	99,665	102,288
GS–14	92,977	96,076	99,175	102,274	105,373	108,472	111,571	114,670	117,769	120,868
GS–15	109,366	113,012	116,658	120,304	123,950	127,596	131,242	134,888	138,534	142,180

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Schedule 2Foreign Service Schedule(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)
Step	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4	Class 5	Class 6	Class 7	Class 8	Class 9
1	$109,366	$88,619	$71,808	$58,186	$47,148	$42,149	$37,680	$33,685	$30,113
2	112,647	91,278	73,692	59,932	48,562	43,413	38,810	34,696	31,016
3	116,026	94,016	76,181	61,730	50,019	44,716	39,975	35,736	31,947
4	119,507	96,836	78,467	63,581	51,520	46,057	41,174	36,809	32,905
5	123,092	99,741	80,821	65,489	53,065	47,439	42,409	37,913	33,892
6	126,785	102,734	83,245	67,454	54,657	48,862	43,681	39,050	34,909
7	130,589	105,816	85,743	69,477	56,297	50,328	44,992	40,222	35,956
8	134,506	108,990	88,315	71,561	57,986	51,838	46,342	41,428	37,035
9	138,542	112,260	90,964	73,708	59,726	53,393	47,732	42,671	38,146
10	142,180	115,628	93,693	75,920	61,517	54,995	49,164	43,951	39,291
11	142,180	119,097	96,504	78,197	63,363	56,645	50,639	45,270	40,469
12	142,180	122,669	99,399	80,543	65,264	58,344	52,158	46,628	41,683
13	142,180	126,350	102,381	82,959	67,222	60,094	53,723	48,027	42,934
14	142,180	130,140	105,452	85,448	69,238	61,897	55,334	49,468	44,222

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Schedule 3Veterans Health Administration Schedules, Department of Veterans Affairs(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)

Schedule for the Office of the Under Secretary for Health (38 U.S.C. 7306) ¹
	Minimum	Maximum
	$131,239	$160,100 ²
Physician, Dentist, and Podiatrist Base and Longevity Schedule ³
Physician Grade	$107,569	$157,773
Dentist Grade	107,569	157,773
Podiatrist Grade	107,569	157,773
Chiropractor and Optometrist Schedule
Chief Grade	$109,366	$142,180
Senior Grade	92,977	120,868
Intermediate Grade	78,681	102,288
Full Grade	66,167	86,021
Associate Grade	55,204	71,764
Physician Assistant and Expanded-Function Dental Auxiliary Schedule ⁴
Director Grade	$106,595	$138,572
Assistant Director Grade	90,621	117,810
Chief Grade	76,687	99,691
Senior Grade	64,490	83,840
Intermediate Grade	53,805	69,951
Full Grade	44,471	57,809
Associate Grade	38,268	49,752
Junior Grade	32,716	42,535

¹ This schedule does not apply to the Director of Nursing Service or any incumbents who are physicians or dentists.

² Pursuant to 38 U.S.C. 7404(d), the rate of basic pay payable to these employees is limited to the rate for level V of the Executive Schedule, which is $160,100.

³ Pursuant to section 3 of Public Law 108–445 [see Tables for classification] and 38 U.S.C. 7431, Veterans Health Administration physicians, podiatrists, and dentists may also be paid market pay and performance pay.

⁴ Pursuant to section 301(a) of Public Law 102–40 [38 U.S.C. 7451 note], these positions are paid according to the Nurse Schedule in 38 U.S.C. 4107(b), as in effect on August 14, 1990, with subsequent adjustments.

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Schedule 4Senior Executive Service(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)

	Minimum	Maximum
Agencies with a Certified SES Performance Appraisal System	$131,239	$197,300
Agencies without a Certified SES Performance Appraisal System	$131,239	$181,500

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Schedule 5Executive Schedule(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)

Level I	$219,200
Level II	197,300
Level III	181,500
Level IV	170,800
Level V	160,100

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Schedule 6Vice President and Members of Congress(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)

Vice President	$253,300
Senators	174,000
Members of the House of Representatives	174,000
Delegates to the House of Representatives	174,000
Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico	174,000
President pro tempore of the Senate	193,400
Majority leader and minority leader of the Senate	193,400
Majority leader and minority leader of the House of Representatives	193,400
Speaker of the House of Representatives	223,500

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Schedule 7 Judicial Salaries(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)

Chief Justice of the United States	$277,700
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court	265,600
Circuit Judges	229,500
District Judges	216,400
Judges of the Court of International Trade	216,400

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Schedule 8Pay of the Uniformed Services(Effective January 1, 2020)part i—monthly basic payYears of Service (computed under 37 U.S.C. 205)Commissioned Officers
Pay Grade	2 or less	Over 2	Over 3	Over 4	Over 6
O–10 ¹
O–9
O–8	$10,999.50	$11,360.40	$11,599.50	$11,666.10	$11,964.60
O–7	9,140.10	9,564.60	9,761.10	9,917.40	10,200.00
O–6 ²	6,931.20	7,614.60	8,114.40	8,114.40	8,145.30
O–5	5,778.00	6,509.10	6,959.40	7,044.30	7,325.70
O–4	4,985.40	5,770.80	6,156.30	6,241.80	6,599.10
O–3 ³	4,383.30	4,968.60	5,362.50	5,847.30	6,127.80
O–2 ³	3,787.50	4,313.40	4,967.70	5,135.70	5,241.30
O–1 ³	3,287.10	3,421.80	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40

	Over 8	Over 10	Over 12	Over 14	Over 16

O–10 ¹
O–9
O–8	$12,462.90	$12,579.00	$13,052.10	$13,188.30	$13,596.00
O–7	10,479.60	10,802.70	11,124.60	11,447.70	12,462.90
O–6 ²	8494.50	8,540.70	8,540.70	9,025.80	9,884.10
O–5	7,493.70	7,863.60	8,135.40	8,486.10	9,022.50
O–4	6,982.80	7,460.40	7,831.80	8,089.80	8,238.30
O–3 ³	6,435.00	6,633.90	6,960.60	7,131.30	7,131.30
O–2 ³	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30
O–1 ³	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40

	Over 18	Over 20	Over 22	Over 24	Over 26

O–10 ¹		¹ $16,441.80	¹ $16,441.80	¹ $16,441.80	¹ $16,441.80
O–9		15,546.00	15,770.70	16,094.10	¹ 16,441.80
O–8	$14,186.10	14,730.00	15,093.30	15,093.30	15,093.30
O–7	13,319.70	13,319.70	13,319.70	13,319.70	13,388.10
O–6 ²	10,387.50	10,890.90	11,177.40	11,467.80	12,030.00
O–5	9,277.50	9,530.10	9,816.60	9,816.60	9,816.60
O–4	8,324.10	8,324.10	8,324.10	8,324.10	8,324.10
O–3 ³	7,131.30	7,131.30	7,131.30	7,131.30	7,131.30
O–2 ³	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30
O–1 ³	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40

	Over 28	Over 30	Over 32	Over 34	Over 36

O–10 ¹	¹ $16,441.80	¹ $16,441.80	¹ $16,441.80	¹ $16,441.80	¹ $16,441.80
O–9	¹ 16,441.80	¹ 16,441.80	¹ 16,441.80	¹ 16,441.80	¹ 16,441.80
O–8	15,093.90	15,471.30	15,471.30	15,857.40	15,857.40
O–7	13,388.10	13,656.00	13,656.00	13,656.00	13,656.00
O–6 ²	12,030.00	12,270.30	12,270.30	12,270.30	12,270.30
O–5	9,816.60	9,816.60	9,816.60	9,816.60	9,816.60
O–4	8,324.10	8,324.10	8,324.10	8,324.10	8,324.10
O–3 ³	7,131.30	7,131.30	7,131.30	7,131.30	7,131.30
O–2 ³	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30	5,241.30
O–1 ³	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40	4,136.40

	Over 38	Over 40

O–10 ¹	¹ $16,441.80	¹ $16,441.80
O–9	¹ 16,441.80	¹ 16,441.80
O–8	15,857.40	15,857.40
O–7	13,656.00	13,656.00
O–6 ²	12,270.30	12,270.30
O–5	9,816.60	9,816.60
O–4	8,324.10	8,324.10
O–3 ³	7,131.30	7,131.30
O–2 ³	5,241.30	5,241.30
O–1 ³	4,136.40	4,136.40

¹ Basic pay is limited to the rate of basic pay for level II of the Executive Schedule in effect during calendar year 2020, which is $16,441.80 per month for officers at pay grades O–7 through O–10. This includes officers serving as Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chief of Staff of the Army, Chief of Naval Operations, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Commandant of the Coast Guard, Chief of the National Guard Bureau, or commander of a unified or specified combatant command (as defined in 10 U.S.C. 161(c)).

² Basic pay is limited to the rate of basic pay for level V of the Executive Schedule in effect during calendar year 2020, which is $13,341.60 per month, for officers at pay grades O–6 and below.

³ Does not apply to commissioned officers who have been credited with over 4 years of active duty service as an enlisted member or warrant officer.

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Commissioned Officers With Over 4 Years Active Duty Service as an Enlisted Member or Warrant Officer ⁴
Pay Grade	Over 4	Over 6	Over 8	Over 10
O–3E	$5,847.30	$6,127.80	$6,435.00	$6,633.90
O–2E	5,135.70	5,241.30	5,408.10	5,689.80
O–1E	4,136.40	4,416.90	4,580.10	4,747.20

	Over 12	Over 14	Over 16	Over 18

O–3E	$6,960.60	$7,236.30	$7,395.00	$7,610.70
O–2E	5,907.60	6,069.60	6,069.60	6,069.60
O–1E	4,911.00	5,135.70	5,135.70	5,135.70

	Over 20	Over 22	Over 24	Over 26

O–3E	$7,610.70	$7,610.70	$7,610.70	$7,610.70
O–2E	6,069.60	6,069.60	6,069.60	6,069.60
O–1E	5,135.70	5,135.70	5,135.70	5,135.70

	Over 28	Over 30	Over 32	Over 34

O–3E	$7,610.70	$7,610.70	$7,610.70	$7,610.70
O–2E	6,069.60	6,069.60	6,069.60	6,069.60
O–1E	5,135.70	5,135.70	5,135.70	5,135.70

	Over 36	Over 38	Over 40

O–3E	$7,610.70	$7,610.70	$7,610.70
O–2E	6,069.60	6,069.60	6,069.60
O–1E	5,135.70	5,135.70	5,135.70

⁴ Reservists with at least 1,460 points as an enlisted member, a warrant officer, or a warrant officer and an enlisted member which are creditable toward reserve retirement also qualify for these rates.

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Warrant Officers
Pay Grade	2 or less	Over 2	Over 3	Over 4	Over 6
W–5
W–4	$4,530.00	$4,872.60	$5,012.40	$5,150.10	$5,387.10
W–3	4,137.00	4,309.20	4,486.20	4,544.10	4,728.90
W–2	3,660.60	4,006.80	4,113.30	4,186.50	4,423.80
W–1	3,213.00	3,559.20	3,651.90	3,848.40	4,080.60

	Over 8	Over 10	Over 12	Over 14	Over 16

W–5
W–4	$5,621.70	$5,859.30	$6,216.00	$6,529.20	$6,827.10
W–3	5,093.70	5,473.20	5,652.00	5,859.00	6,071.70
W–2	4,792.80	4,975.80	5,155.50	5,375.70	5,547.90
W–1	4,423.20	4,582.80	4,806.60	5,026.50	5,199.60

	Over 18	Over 20	Over 22	Over 24	Over 26

W–5		$8,054.70	$8,463.00	$8,767.50	$9,104.10
W–4	$7,071.30	7,309.20	7,658.40	7,945.20	8,272.80
W–3	6,455.10	6,713.70	6,868.20	7,032.60	7,256.70
W–2	5,703.60	5,890.20	6,012.90	6,109.80	6,109.80
W–1	5,358.60	5,552.10	5,552.10	5,552.10	5,552.10

	Over 28	Over 30	Over 32	Over 34	Over 36

W–5	$9,104.10	$9,560.10	$9,560.10	$10,037.40	$10,037.40
W–4	8,272.80	8,437.80	8,437.80	8,437.80	8,437.80
W–3	7,256.70	7,256.70	7,256.70	7,256.70	7,256.70
W–2	6,109.80	6,109.80	6,109.80	6,109.80	6,109.80
W–1	5,552.10	5,552.10	5,552.10	5,552.10	5,552.10

	Over 38	Over 40

W–5	$10,540.20	$10,540.20
W–4	8,437.80	8,437.80
W–3	7,256.70	7,256.70
W–2	6,109.80	6,109.80
W–1	5,552.10	5,552.10

Open Table

Enlisted Members
Pay Grade	2 or less	Over 2	Over 3	Over 4	Over 6
E–9 ¹
E–8
E–7	$3,114.30	$3,399.00	$3,529.50	$3,701.40	$3,836.10
E–6	2,693.70	2,964.30	3,095.10	3,222.30	3,354.90
E–5	2,467.50	2,634.00	2,761.50	2,891.40	3,094.50
E–4	2,262.60	2,378.40	2,507.10	2,634.60	2,746.50
E–3	2,042.70	2,171.10	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80
E–2	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50
E–1 ²	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10
E–1 ³	1,602.30

	Over 8	Over 10	Over 12	Over 14	Over 16

E–9 ¹		$5,472.90	$5,596.80	$5,753.40	$5,936.70
E–8	$4,480.20	4,678.20	4,800.90	4,947.60	5,107.20
E–7	4,067.40	4,197.90	4,428.90	4,624.50	4,752.60
E–6	3,653.10	3,769.80	3,994.80	4,063.50	4,113.60
E–5	3,306.30	3,480.90	3,501.90	3,501.90	3,501.90
E–4	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50
E–3	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80
E–2	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50
E–1 ²	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10
E–1 ³

	Over 18	Over 20	Over 22	Over 24	Over 26

E–9 ¹	$6,123.00	$6,419.40	$6,671.40	$6,935.10	$7,340.10
E–8	5,394.60	5,540.10	5,787.90	5,925.60	6,264.00
E–7	4,892.40	4,946.40	5,128.50	5,226.00	5,597.40
E–6	4,172.10	4,172.10	4,172.10	4,172.10	4,172.10
E–5	3,501.90	3,501.90	3,501.90	3,501.90	3,501.90
E–4	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50
E–3	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80
E–2	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50
E–1 ²	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10
E–1 ³

	Over 28	Over 30	Over 32	Over 34	Over 36

E–9 ¹	$7,340.10	$7,706.40	$7,706.40	$8,092.20	$8,092.20
E–8	6,264.00	6,389.70	6,389.70	6,389.70	6,389.70
E–7	5,597.40	5,597.40	5,597.40	5,597.40	5,597.40
E–6	4,172.10	4,172.10	4,172.10	4,172.10	4,172.10
E–5	3,501.90	3,501.90	3,501.90	3,501.90	3,501.90
E–4	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50	2,746.50
E–3	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80	2,302.80
E–2	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50	1,942.50
E–1 ²	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10	1,733.10
E–1 ³

	Over 38	Over 40

E–9 ¹	$8,497.50	$8,497.50
E–8	6,389.70	6,389.70
E–7	5,597.40	5,597.40
E–6	4,172.10	4,172.10
E–5	3,501.90	3,501.90
E–4	2,746.50	2,746.50
E–3	2,302.80	2,302.80
E–2	1,942.50	1,942.50
E–1 ²	1,733.10	1,733.10
E–1 ³

¹ For noncommissioned officers serving as Sergeant Major of the Army, Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy or Coast Guard, Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, basic pay for this grade is $8,844.30 per month, regardless of cumulative years of service under 37 U.S.C. 205.

² Applies to personnel who have served 4 months or more on active duty.

³ Applies to personnel who have served less than 4 months on active duty.

part ii—rate of monthly cadet or midshipman pay

The rate of monthly cadet or midshipman pay authorized by 37 U.S.C. 203(c) is $1,150.50.

Note: As a result of the enactment of sections 602–604 of Public Law 105–85, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 [see Tables for classification], the Secretary of Defense now has the authority to adjust the rates of basic allowances for subsistence and housing. Therefore, these allowances are no longer adjusted by the President in conjunction with the adjustment of basic pay for members of the uniformed services. Accordingly, the tables of allowances included in previous orders are not included here.

Open Table

Schedule 9Locality-Based Comparability Payments(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)
Locality Pay Area ¹	Rate
Alaska	29.67%
Albany-Schenectady, NY–MA	17.88%
Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas, NM	16.68%
Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA–AL	22.16%
Austin-Round Rock, TX	18.17%
Birmingham-Hoover-Talladega, AL	16.26%
Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA–RI–NH–ME	29.11%
Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY	20.20%
Burlington-South Burlington, VT	16.89%
Charlotte-Concord, NC–SC	17.44%
Chicago-Naperville, IL–IN–WI	28.59%
Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH–KY–IN	20.55%
Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH	20.82%
Colorado Springs, CO	17.78%
Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH	20.02%
Corpus Christi-Kingsville-Alice, TX	16.56%
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX–OK	24.98%
Davenport-Moline, IA–IL	17.04%
Dayton-Springfield-Sidney, OH	19.18%
Denver-Aurora, CO	27.13%
Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI	27.32%
Harrisburg-Lebanon, PA	17.20%
Hartford-West Hartford, CT–MA	29.49%
Hawaii	19.56%
Houston-The Woodlands, TX	33.32%
Huntsville-Decatur-Albertville, AL	19.85%
Indianapolis-Carmel-Muncie, IN	16.92%
Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO–KS	17.13%
Laredo, TX	18.88%
Las Vegas-Henderson, NV–AZ	17.68%
Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA	32.41%
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL	23.51%
Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI	20.96%
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN–WI	24.66%
New York-Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA	33.98%
Omaha-Council Bluffs-Fremont, NE–IA	16.33%
Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL	16.73%
Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD	26.04%
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ	20.12%
Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA–OH–WV	19.40%
Portland-Vancouver-Salem, OR–WA	23.74%
Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC	20.49%
Richmond, VA	19.95%
Sacramento-Roseville, CA–NV	26.37%
San Antonio-New Braunfels-Pearsall, TX	16.77%
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA	29.77%
San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA	41.44%
Seattle-Tacoma, WA	27.02%
St. Louis-St. Charles-Farmington, MO–IL	17.65%
Tucson-Nogales, AZ	17.19%
Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA–NC	16.51%
Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA	30.48%
Rest of U.S.	15.95%

¹ Locality Pay Areas are defined in 5 CFR 531.603.

Open Table

Schedule 10Administrative Law Judges(Effective on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after January 1, 2020)

AL–3/A	$114,000
AL–3/B	122,700
AL–3/C	131,500
AL–3/D	140,400
AL–3/E	149,300
AL–3/F	157,800
AL–2	166,500
AL–1	170,800

Prior adjustments of certain rates of pay were contained in the following:

Ex. Ord. No. 13866, Mar. 28, 2019, 84 F.R. 12853, effective Jan. 1, 2019, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13901.

Ex. Ord. No. 13856, Dec. 28, 2018, 84 F.R. 65, effective Jan. 1, 2019, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13866.

Ex. Ord. No. 13819, Dec. 22, 2017, 82 F.R. 61431, effective Jan. 1, 2018, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13856.

Ex. Ord. No. 13756, Dec. 27, 2016, 81 F.R. 97099, effective Jan. 1, 2017, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13819.

Ex. Ord. No. 13715, Dec. 18, 2015, 80 F.R. 80195, effective Jan. 1, 2016, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13756.

Ex. Ord. No. 13686, Dec. 19, 2014, 79 F.R. 77361, effective Jan. 1, 2015, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13715.

Ex. Ord. No. 13655, Dec. 23, 2013, 78 F.R. 80451, effective Jan. 1, 2014, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13686.

Ex. Ord. No. 13641, Apr. 5, 2013, 78 F.R. 21503, effective Jan. 1, 2013, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13655.

Ex. Ord. No. 13635, Dec. 27, 2012, 78 F.R. 649, effective Jan. 1, 2013, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13641.

Ex. Ord. No. 13594, Dec. 19, 2011, 76 F.R. 80191, effective Jan. 1, 2012, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13635.

Ex. Ord. No. 13561, Dec. 22, 2010, 75 F.R. 81817, effective Jan. 1, 2011, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13594.

Ex. Ord. No. 13525, Dec. 23, 2009, 74 F.R. 69231, effective Jan. 1, 2010, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13561.

Ex. Ord. No. 13483, Dec. 18, 2008, 73 F.R. 78587, effective Jan. 1, 2009, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13525.

Ex. Ord. No. 13454, Jan. 4, 2008, 73 F.R. 1481, effective Jan. 1, 2008, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13483.

Ex. Ord. No. 13420, Dec. 21, 2006, 71 F.R. 77571, effective Jan. 1, 2007, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13454.

Ex. Ord. No. 13393, Dec. 22, 2005, 70 F.R. 76655, effective Jan. 1, 2006, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13420.

Ex. Ord. No. 13368, Dec. 30, 2004, 70 F.R. 1147, effective Jan. 1, 2005, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13393.

Ex. Ord. No. 13332, Mar. 3, 2004, 69 F.R. 10891, effective Jan. 1, 2004, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13368.

Ex. Ord. No. 13322, Dec. 30, 2003, 69 F.R. 231, effective Jan. 1, 2004, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13332.

Ex. Ord. No. 13282, Dec. 31, 2002, 68 F.R. 1133, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13291, Mar. 21, 2003, 68 F.R. 14525, effective Jan. 1, 2003, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13322.

Ex. Ord. No. 13249, Dec. 28, 2001, 67 F.R. 639, effective Jan. 1, 2002, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13282, as amended.

Ex. Ord. No. 13182, Dec. 23, 2000, 65 F.R. 82879, 66 F.R. 10057, effective Jan. 1, 2001, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13249.

Ex. Ord. No. 13144, Dec. 21, 1999, 64 F.R. 72237, effective Jan. 1, 2000, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13182.

Ex. Ord. No. 13106, Dec. 7, 1998, 63 F.R. 68151, effective Jan. 1, 1999, substantially superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13144.

Ex. Ord. No. 13071, Dec. 29, 1997, 62 F.R. 68521, effective Jan. 1, 1998, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13106.

Ex. Ord. No. 13033, Dec. 27, 1996, 61 F.R. 68987, effective Jan. 1, 1997, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13071.

Ex. Ord. No. 12990, Feb. 29, 1996, 61 F.R. 8467, effective Jan. 1, 1996, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13033.

Ex. Ord. No. 12984, Dec. 28, 1995, 61 F.R. 237, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12990, §3, Feb. 29, 1996, 61 F.R. 8467, effective Jan. 1, 1996, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 13033.

Ex. Ord. No. 12944, Dec. 28, 1994, 60 F.R. 309, effective Jan. 1, 1995, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12984, as amended.

Ex. Ord. No. 12886, Dec. 23, 1993, 58 F.R. 68709, effective Jan. 1, 1994, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12944.

Ex. Ord. No. 12826, Dec. 30, 1992, 57 F.R. 62909, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12886, §3, Dec. 23, 1993, 58 F.R. 68709, effective Jan. 1, 1993, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12944.

Ex. Ord. No. 12786, Dec. 26, 1991, 56 F.R. 67453, effective Jan. 1, 1992, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12826, as amended.

Ex. Ord. No. 12736, Dec. 12, 1990, 55 F.R. 51385, effective Jan. 1, 1991, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12786.

Ex. Ord. No. 12698, Dec. 23, 1989, 54 F.R. 53473, effective Jan. 1 and 31, 1990, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12736.

Ex. Ord. No. 12663, Jan. 6, 1989, 54 F.R. 791, effective Jan. 1, 1989, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12698.

Ex. Ord. No. 12622, Dec. 31, 1987, 53 F.R. 222, effective Jan. 1, 1988, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12663.

Ex. Ord. No. 12578, Dec. 31, 1986, 52 F.R. 505, effective Jan. 1, 1987, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12622.

Ex. Ord. No. 12496, Dec. 28, 1984, 50 F.R. 211, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12540, Dec. 30, 1985, 51 F.R. 577, effective Jan. 1, 1985, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12578.

Ex. Ord. No. 12456, Dec. 30, 1983, 49 F.R. 347, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12477, May 23, 1984, 49 F.R. 22041; Ex. Ord. No. 12487, Sept. 14, 1984, 49 F.R. 36493, effective Jan. 1, 1984, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12496, as amended.

Ex. Ord. No. 12387, Oct. 8, 1982, 47 F.R. 44981, effective Oct. 1, 1982, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12456, as amended.

Ex. Ord. No. 12330, Oct. 15, 1981, 46 F.R. 50921, effective Oct. 1, 1981, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12387.

Ex. Ord. No. 12248, Oct. 16, 1980, 45 F.R. 69199, effective Oct. 1, 1980, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12330.

Ex. Ord. No. 12165, Oct. 9, 1979, 44 F.R. 58671, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12200, Mar. 12, 1980, 44 F.R. 16443, effective Oct. 1, 1979, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12248.

Ex. Ord. No. 12087, Oct. 7, 1978, 43 F.R. 46823, effective Oct. 1, 1978, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12165, as amended.

Ex. Ord. No. 12010, Sept. 28, 1977, 42 F.R. 52365, effective Oct. 1, 1977, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12087.

Ex. Ord. No. 11941, Oct. 1, 1976, 41 F.R. 43899, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11943, Oct. 25, 1976, 41 F.R. 47213, effective Oct. 1, 1976, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12010.

Ex. Ord. No. 11883, Oct. 6, 1975, 40 F.R. 47091, effective Oct. 1, 1975, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11941, as amended.

Ex. Ord. No. 11811, Oct. 7, 1974, 39 F.R. 36302, effective Oct. 1, 1974, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11883.

Ex. Ord. No. 11739, Oct. 3, 1973, 38 F.R. 27581, effective Oct. 1, 1973, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11811.

Ex. Ord. No. 11691, Dec. 15, 1972, 37 F.R. 27607, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11777, Apr. 12, 1974, 39 F.R. 13519, effective Oct. 1, 1972, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11811.

Ex. Ord. No. 11637, Dec. 22, 1971, 36 F.R. 24911, effective Jan. 1, 1972, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11811.

Ex. Ord. No. 11576, Jan. 8, 1971, 36 F.R. 347, effective Jan. 1, 1971, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11811.

Ex. Ord. No. 11524, Apr. 15, 1970, 35 F.R. 6247, effective first pay period on or after Dec. 27, 1969, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11811.

Ex. Ord. No. 11474, June 16, 1969, 34 F.R. 9605, effective July 1, 1969, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11811.

Ex. Ord. No. 11413, June 11, 1968, 33 F.R. 8641, effective July 1, 1968, superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11811.

Freezing Federal Employee Pay Schedules and Rates That Are Set by Administrative Discretion

Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 22, 2010, 75 F.R. 81829, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

On November 29, 2010, I proposed a two-year freeze in the pay of civilian Federal employees as the first of a number of difficult actions required to put our Nation on a sound fiscal footing. As I said then, Federal workers are not just a line in a budget. They are public servants who, like their private sector counterparts, may be struggling in these difficult economic times.

Despite the sacrifices that I knew a pay freeze would entail for our dedicated civil servants, I concluded that a two-year freeze in the upward statutory adjustment of pay schedules is a necessary first step in our effort to address the challenge of our fiscal reality. The Congress responded to my proposal by including such a freeze in the Continuing Appropriations and Surface Transportation Extensions Act, 2011 (H.R. 3082) [Pub. L. 111–322], which I signed into law today (the "Act"). The Act freezes statutory pay adjustments for all executive branch pay schedules for a two-year period. It also generally prohibits executive departments and agencies from providing any base salary increases at all to senior executives or senior level employees, including performance-based increases.

While this legislation will prevent adjustments in executive branch pay schedules that are made by statute, some laws allow such adjustments to be made by agency heads as an exercise of administrative discretion. In order to ensure consistent treatment of executive branch employees and to promote the fiscal purposes of my original proposal, agency heads who have such discretion should not provide any upward adjustments in Federal employees' pay schedules or rates during the two-year period covered by the statutory pay freeze.

Accordingly, you should suspend any increases to any pay systems or pay schedules covering executive branch employees that could otherwise take effect as a result of an exercise of administrative discretion during the period beginning on January 1, 2011, and ending on December 31, 2012. You also should forgo any general increases (including general increases for a geographic area, such as locality pay) in covered employees' rates of pay that could otherwise take effect as a result of the exercise of administrative discretion during the same period. To the extent that an agency pay system provides performance-based increases in lieu of general increases, funds allocated for those performance-based increases should be correspondingly reduced to reflect the freezing of the employees' base pay schedule.

This memorandum shall be carried out to the extent permitted by law and consistent with executive departments' and agencies' legal authorities. This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall issue guidance on implementing this memorandum, and is also hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.

Federal Employee Pay Schedules and Rates That Are Set by Administrative Discretion

Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 21, 2012, 78 F.R. 647, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

On December 22, 2010, I issued a memorandum stating that the heads of executive departments and agencies should suspend any increases to any pay systems or pay schedules covering executive branch employees, and should forgo any general increases in covered employees' rates of pay, that could otherwise take effect as a result of the exercise of administrative discretion during the period beginning on January 1, 2011, and ending on December 31, 2012. In light of section 114 of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013 (Public Law 112–175), I am hereby instructing the heads of executive departments and agencies that they should continue to adhere to this policy through March 27, 2013, the date after which statutory pay adjustments may be made pursuant to section 114 of Public Law 112–175.

The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall issue any necessary guidance on implementing this memorandum, and is also hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 5, 2013, 78 F.R. 21213, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

Section 1112 of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (Public Law 113–6), reflects the Congress's decision to continue to deny statutory adjustments to any pay systems or pay schedules covering executive branch employees. In light of the Congress's action, I am instructing heads of executive departments and agencies to continue through December 31, 2013, to adhere to the policy set forth in my memoranda of December 22, 2010, and December 21, 2012, regarding general increases in pay schedules and employees' rates of pay that might otherwise take effect as a result of the exercise of administrative discretion.

Barack Obama.

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