Part 25 — Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes
Subpart A — General
Subpart B — Flight
- § 25.21— Proof of compliance.
- § 25.23— Load distribution limits.
- § 25.25— Weight limits.
- § 25.27— Center of gravity limits.
- § 25.29— Empty weight and corresponding center of gravity.
- § 25.31— Removable ballast.
- § 25.33— Propeller speed and pitch limits.
- § 25.101— General.
- § 25.103— Stall speed.
- § 25.105— Takeoff.
- § 25.107— Takeoff speeds.
- § 25.109— Accelerate-stop distance.
- § 25.111— Takeoff path.
- § 25.113— Takeoff distance and takeoff run.
- § 25.115— Takeoff flight path.
- § 25.117— Climb: general.
- § 25.119— Landing climb: All-engines-operating.
- § 25.121— Climb: One-engine-inoperative.
- § 25.123— En route flight paths.
- § 25.125— Landing.
- § 25.143— General.
- § 25.145— Longitudinal control.
- § 25.147— Directional and lateral control.
- § 25.149— Minimum control speed.
- § 25.161— Trim.
- § 25.171— General.
- § 25.173— Static longitudinal stability.
- § 25.175— Demonstration of static longitudinal stability.
- § 25.177— Static lateral-directional stability.
- § 25.181— Dynamic stability.
- § 25.201— Stall demonstration.
- § 25.203— Stall characteristics.
- § 25.207— Stall warning.
- § 25.231— Longitudinal stability and control.
- § 25.233— Directional stability and control.
- § 25.235— Taxiing condition.
- § 25.237— Wind velocities.
- § 25.239— Spray characteristics, control, and stability on water.
- § 25.251— Vibration and buffeting.
- § 25.253— High-speed characteristics.
- § 25.255— Out-of-trim characteristics.
Subpart C — Structure
- § 25.301— Loads.
- § 25.302— Interaction of systems and structures.
- § 25.303— Factor of safety.
- § 25.305— Strength and deformation.
- § 25.307— Proof of structure.
- § 25.321— General.
- § 25.331— Symmetric maneuvering conditions.
- § 25.333— Flight maneuvering envelope.
- § 25.335— Design airspeeds.
- § 25.337— Limit maneuvering load factors.
- § 25.341— Gust and turbulence loads.
- § 25.343— Design fuel and oil loads.
- § 25.345— High lift devices.
- § 25.349— Rolling conditions.
- § 25.351— Yaw maneuver conditions.
- § 25.353— Rudder control reversal conditions.
- § 25.361— Engine and auxiliary power unit torque.
- § 25.362— Engine failure loads.
- § 25.363— Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts.
- § 25.365— Pressurized compartment loads.
- § 25.367— Unsymmetrical loads due to engine failure.
- § 25.371— Gyroscopic loads.
- § 25.373— Speed control devices.
- § 25.391— Control surface loads: General.
- § 25.393— Loads parallel to hinge line.
- § 25.395— Control system.
- § 25.397— Control system loads.
- § 25.399— Dual control system.
- § 25.405— Secondary control system.
- § 25.407— Trim tab effects.
- § 25.409— Tabs.
- § 25.415— Ground gust conditions.
- § 25.427— Unsymmetrical loads.
- § 25.445— Auxiliary aerodynamic surfaces.
- § 25.457— Wing flaps.
- § 25.459— Special devices.
- § 25.471— General.
- § 25.473— Landing load conditions and assumptions.
- § 25.477— Landing gear arrangement.
- § 25.479— Level landing conditions.
- § 25.481— Tail-down landing conditions.
- § 25.483— One-gear landing conditions.
- § 25.485— Side load conditions.
- § 25.487— Rebound landing condition.
- § 25.489— Ground handling conditions.
- § 25.491— Taxi, takeoff and landing roll.
- § 25.493— Braked roll conditions.
- § 25.495— Turning.
- § 25.497— Tail-wheel yawing.
- § 25.499— Nose-wheel yaw and steering.
- § 25.503— Pivoting.
- § 25.507— Reversed braking.
- § 25.509— Towing loads.
- § 25.511— Ground load: unsymmetrical loads on multiple-wheel units.
- § 25.519— Jacking and tie-down provisions.
- § 25.521— General.
- § 25.523— Design weights and center of gravity positions.
- § 25.525— Application of loads.
- § 25.527— Hull and main float load factors.
- § 25.529— Hull and main float landing conditions.
- § 25.531— Hull and main float takeoff condition.
- § 25.533— Hull and main float bottom pressures.
- § 25.535— Auxiliary float loads.
- § 25.537— Seawing loads.
- § 25.561— General.
- § 25.562— Emergency landing dynamic conditions.
- § 25.563— Structural ditching provisions.
- § 25.571— Damage-tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.
- § 25.581— Lightning protection.
Subpart D — Design and Construction
- § 25.601— General.
- § 25.603— Materials.
- § 25.605— Fabrication methods.
- § 25.607— Fasteners.
- § 25.609— Protection of structure.
- § 25.611— Accessibility provisions.
- § 25.613— Material strength properties and material design values.
- § 25.619— Special factors.
- § 25.621— Casting factors.
- § 25.623— Bearing factors.
- § 25.625— Fitting factors.
- § 25.629— Aeroelastic stability requirements.
- § 25.631— Bird strike damage.
- § 25.651— Proof of strength.
- § 25.655— Installation.
- § 25.657— Hinges.
- § 25.671— General.
- § 25.672— Stability augmentation and automatic and power-operated systems.
- § 25.675— Stops.
- § 25.677— Trim systems.
- § 25.679— Control system gust locks.
- § 25.681— Limit load static tests.
- § 25.683— Operation tests.
- § 25.685— Control system details.
- § 25.689— Cable systems.
- § 25.693— Joints.
- § 25.697— Lift and drag devices, controls.
- § 25.699— Lift and drag device indicator.
- § 25.701— Flap and slat interconnection.
- § 25.703— Takeoff warning system.
- § 25.721— General.
- § 25.723— Shock absorption tests.
- § 25.729— Retracting mechanism.
- § 25.731— Wheels.
- § 25.733— Tires.
- § 25.735— Brakes and braking systems.
- § 25.737— Skis.
- § 25.751— Main float buoyancy.
- § 25.753— Main float design.
- § 25.755— Hulls.
- § 25.771— Pilot compartment.
- § 25.772— Pilot compartment doors.
- § 25.773— Pilot compartment view.
- § 25.775— Windshields and windows.
- § 25.777— Cockpit controls.
- § 25.779— Motion and effect of cockpit controls.
- § 25.781— Cockpit control knob shape.
- § 25.783— Fuselage doors.
- § 25.785— Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses.
- § 25.787— Stowage compartments.
- § 25.789— Retention of items of mass in passenger and crew compartments and galleys.
- § 25.791— Passenger information signs and placards.
- § 25.793— Floor surfaces.
- § 25.795— Security considerations.
- § 25.801— Ditching.
- § 25.803— Emergency evacuation.
- § 25.807— Emergency exits.
- § 25.809— Emergency exit arrangement.
- § 25.810— Emergency egress assist means and escape routes.
- § 25.811— Emergency exit marking.
- § 25.812— Emergency lighting.
- § 25.813— Emergency exit access.
- § 25.815— Width of aisle.
- § 25.817— Maximum number of seats abreast.
- § 25.819— Lower deck service compartments (including galleys).
- § 25.820— Lavatory doors.
- § 25.831— Ventilation.
- § 25.832— Cabin ozone concentration.
- § 25.833— Combustion heating systems.
- § 25.841— Pressurized cabins.
- § 25.843— Tests for pressurized cabins.
- § 25.851— Fire extinguishers.
- § 25.853— Compartment interiors.
- § 25.854— Lavatory fire protection.
- § 25.855— Cargo or baggage compartments.
- § 25.856— Thermal/Acoustic insulation materials.
- § 25.857— Cargo compartment classification.
- § 25.858— Cargo or baggage compartment smoke or fire detection systems.
- § 25.859— Combustion heater fire protection.
- § 25.863— Flammable fluid fire protection.
- § 25.865— Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.
- § 25.867— Fire protection: other components.
- § 25.869— Fire protection: systems.
- § 25.871— Leveling means.
- § 25.875— Reinforcement near propellers.
- § 25.899— Electrical bonding and protection against static electricity.
Subpart E — Powerplant
- § 25.901— Installation.
- § 25.903— Engines.
- § 25.904— Automatic takeoff thrust control system (ATTCS).
- § 25.905— Propellers.
- § 25.907— Propeller vibration and fatigue.
- § 25.925— Propeller clearance.
- § 25.929— Propeller deicing.
- § 25.933— Reversing systems.
- § 25.934— Turbojet engine thrust reverser system tests.
- § 25.937— Turbopropeller-drag limiting systems.
- § 25.939— Turbine engine operating characteristics.
- § 25.941— Inlet, engine, and exhaust compatibility.
- § 25.943— Negative acceleration.
- § 25.945— Thrust or power augmentation system.
- § 25.951— General.
- § 25.952— Fuel system analysis and test.
- § 25.953— Fuel system independence.
- § 25.954— Fuel system lightning protection.
- § 25.955— Fuel flow.
- § 25.957— Flow between interconnected tanks.
- § 25.959— Unusable fuel supply.
- § 25.961— Fuel system hot weather operation.
- § 25.963— Fuel tanks: general.
- § 25.965— Fuel tank tests.
- § 25.967— Fuel tank installations.
- § 25.969— Fuel tank expansion space.
- § 25.971— Fuel tank sump.
- § 25.973— Fuel tank filler connection.
- § 25.975— Fuel tank vents and carburetor vapor vents.
- § 25.977— Fuel tank outlet.
- § 25.979— Pressure fueling system.
- § 25.981— Fuel tank explosion prevention.
- § 25.991— Fuel pumps.
- § 25.993— Fuel system lines and fittings.
- § 25.994— Fuel system components.
- § 25.995— Fuel valves.
- § 25.997— Fuel strainer or filter.
- § 25.999— Fuel system drains.
- § 25.1001— Fuel jettisoning system.
- § 25.1011— General.
- § 25.1013— Oil tanks.
- § 25.1015— Oil tank tests.
- § 25.1017— Oil lines and fittings.
- § 25.1019— Oil strainer or filter.
- § 25.1021— Oil system drains.
- § 25.1023— Oil radiators.
- § 25.1025— Oil valves.
- § 25.1027— Propeller feathering system.
- § 25.1041— General.
- § 25.1043— Cooling tests.
- § 25.1045— Cooling test procedures.
- § 25.1091— Air induction.
- § 25.1093— Induction system icing protection.
- § 25.1101— Carburetor air preheater design.
- § 25.1103— Induction system ducts and air duct systems.
- § 25.1105— Induction system screens.
- § 25.1107— Inter-coolers and after-coolers.
- § 25.1121— General.
- § 25.1123— Exhaust piping.
- § 25.1125— Exhaust heat exchangers.
- § 25.1127— Exhaust driven turbo-superchargers.
- § 25.1141— Powerplant controls: general.
- § 25.1142— Auxiliary power unit controls.
- § 25.1143— Engine controls.
- § 25.1145— Ignition switches.
- § 25.1147— Mixture controls.
- § 25.1149— Propeller speed and pitch controls.
- § 25.1153— Propeller feathering controls.
- § 25.1155— Reverse thrust and propeller pitch settings below the flight regime.
- § 25.1157— Carburetor air temperature controls.
- § 25.1159— Supercharger controls.
- § 25.1161— Fuel jettisoning system controls.
- § 25.1163— Powerplant accessories.
- § 25.1165— Engine ignition systems.
- § 25.1167— Accessory gearboxes.
- § 25.1181— Designated fire zones; regions included.
- § 25.1182— Nacelle areas behind firewalls, and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines.
- § 25.1183— Flammable fluid-carrying components.
- § 25.1185— Flammable fluids.
- § 25.1187— Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.
- § 25.1189— Shutoff means.
- § 25.1191— Firewalls.
- § 25.1192— Engine accessory section diaphragm.
- § 25.1193— Cowling and nacelle skin.
- § 25.1195— Fire extinguishing systems.
- § 25.1197— Fire extinguishing agents.
- § 25.1199— Extinguishing agent containers.
- § 25.1201— Fire extinguishing system materials.
- § 25.1203— Fire detector system.
- § 25.1207— Compliance.
Subpart F — Equipment
- § 25.1301— Function and installation.
- § 25.1302— Installed systems and equipment for use by the flightcrew.
- § 25.1303— Flight and navigation instruments.
- § 25.1305— Powerplant instruments.
- § 25.1307— Miscellaneous equipment.
- § 25.1309— Equipment, systems, and installations.
- § 25.1310— Power source capacity and distribution.
- § 25.1316— Electrical and electronic system lightning protection.
- § 25.1317— High-intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) Protection.
- § 25.1321— Arrangement and visibility.
- § 25.1322— Flightcrew alerting.
- § 25.1323— Airspeed indicating system.
- § 25.1324— Angle of attack system.
- § 25.1325— Static pressure systems.
- § 25.1326— Pitot heat indication systems.
- § 25.1327— Magnetic direction indicator.
- § 25.1329— Flight guidance system.
- § 25.1331— Instruments using a power supply.
- § 25.1333— Instrument systems.
- § 25.1337— Powerplant instruments.
- § 25.1351— General.
- § 25.1353— Electrical equipment and installations.
- § 25.1355— Distribution system.
- § 25.1357— Circuit protective devices.
- § 25.1360— Precautions against injury.
- § 25.1362— Electrical supplies for emergency conditions.
- § 25.1363— Electrical system tests.
- § 25.1365— Electrical appliances, motors, and transformers.
- § 25.1381— Instrument lights.
- § 25.1383— Landing lights.
- § 25.1385— Position light system installation.
- § 25.1387— Position light system dihedral angles.
- § 25.1389— Position light distribution and intensities.
- § 25.1391— Minimum intensities in the horizontal plane of forward and rear position lights.
- § 25.1393— Minimum intensities in any vertical plane of forward and rear position lights.
- § 25.1395— Maximum intensities in overlapping beams of forward and rear position lights.
- § 25.1397— Color specifications.
- § 25.1399— Riding light.
- § 25.1401— Anticollision light system.
- § 25.1403— Wing icing detection lights.
- § 25.1411— General.
- § 25.1415— Ditching equipment.
- § 25.1419— Ice protection.
- § 25.1420— Supercooled large drop icing conditions.
- § 25.1421— Megaphones.
- § 25.1423— Public address system.
- § 25.1431— Electronic equipment.
- § 25.1433— Vacuum systems.
- § 25.1435— Hydraulic systems.
- § 25.1438— Pressurization and pneumatic systems.
- § 25.1439— Protective breathing equipment.
- § 25.1441— Oxygen equipment and supply.
- § 25.1443— Minimum mass flow of supplemental oxygen.
- § 25.1445— Equipment standards for the oxygen distributing system.
- § 25.1447— Equipment standards for oxygen dispensing units.
- § 25.1449— Means for determining use of oxygen.
- § 25.1450— Chemical oxygen generators.
- § 25.1453— Protection of oxygen equipment from rupture.
- § 25.1455— Draining of fluids subject to freezing.
- § 25.1457— Cockpit voice recorders.
- § 25.1459— Flight data recorders.
- § 25.1461— Equipment containing high energy rotors.
Subpart G — Operating Limitations and Information
- § 25.1501— General.
- § 25.1503— Airspeed limitations: general.
- § 25.1505— Maximum operating limit speed.
- § 25.1507— Maneuvering speed.
- § 25.1511— Flap extended speed.
- § 25.1513— Minimum control speed.
- § 25.1515— Landing gear speeds.
- § 25.1516— Other speed limitations.
- § 25.1517— Rough air speed, V<sub>RA.</sub>
- § 25.1519— Weight, center of gravity, and weight distribution.
- § 25.1521— Powerplant limitations.
- § 25.1522— Auxiliary power unit limitations.
- § 25.1523— Minimum flight crew.
- § 25.1525— Kinds of operation.
- § 25.1527— Ambient air temperature and operating altitude.
- § 25.1529— Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.
- § 25.1531— Maneuvering flight load factors.
- § 25.1533— Additional operating limitations.
- § 25.1535— ETOPS approval.
- § 25.1541— General.
- § 25.1543— Instrument markings: general.
- § 25.1545— Airspeed limitation information.
- § 25.1547— Magnetic direction indicator.
- § 25.1549— Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments.
- § 25.1551— Oil quantity indication.
- § 25.1553— Fuel quantity indicator.
- § 25.1555— Control markings.
- § 25.1557— Miscellaneous markings and placards.
- § 25.1561— Safety equipment.
- § 25.1563— Airspeed placard.
- § 25.1581— General.
- § 25.1583— Operating limitations.
- § 25.1585— Operating procedures.
- § 25.1587— Performance information.
Subpart H — Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS)
- § 25.1701— Definition.
- § 25.1703— Function and installation: EWIS.
- § 25.1705— Systems and functions: EWIS.
- § 25.1707— System separation: EWIS.
- § 25.1709— System safety: EWIS.
- § 25.1711— Component identification: EWIS.
- § 25.1713— Fire protection: EWIS.
- § 25.1715— Electrical bonding and protection against static electricity: EWIS.
- § 25.1717— Circuit protective devices: EWIS.
- § 25.1719— Accessibility provisions: EWIS.
- § 25.1721— Protection of EWIS.
- § 25.1723— Flammable fluid fire protection: EWIS.
- § 25.1725— Powerplants: EWIS.
- § 25.1727— Flammable fluid shutoff means: EWIS.
- § 25.1729— Instructions for Continued Airworthiness: EWIS.
- § 25.1731— Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS.
- § 25.1733— Fire detector systems, general: EWIS.